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NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography Chapter 10 Human Settlements
Q1. Choose the right answer from the four alternatives given below:
(i) Which one of the following forms of settlement develops along either side of roads, rivers or canals?
(a) circular
(b) linear
(c) cross-shaped
(d) square
Answer:- (b) linear
(ii) Which one of the following types of economic activities dominates in all rural settlement?
(a) primary
(b) tertiary
(c) secondary
(d) quaternary
Answer:- (a) primary
(iii) In which of the following regions has the oldest well-documented urban settlement found?
(a) Huang He Valley
(b) Indus Valley
(c) Nile Valley
(d) Mesopotamia
Answer:- (d) Mesopotamia
(iv) How many of the following cities in India have attained the million status at the beginning of 2006?
(a) 40
(b) 42
(c) 41
(d) 43
Answer:- (b) 42
(v) Sufficiency of which type of resources can help to create adequate social infrastructure catering to the needs of the large population in the developing countries?
(a) financial
(b) human
(c) natural
(d) social
Answer: (c) natural
Q2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words.
(a) How would you define a settlement?
Answer:- Settlement refers to an organized colony of human beings together with the buildings in which they live. It includes the temporary and the permanent settlements called villages; and large urban agglomerations. Human settlements may consist of only a few dwelling units (hamlets), or they may be as large as megalopolis.
(b) Distinguish between site and situation.
Answer:- Distinguish between site and situation are:
Site
It is an actual piece of land where a settlement is built.
Site to settlement leads to river bank, hilltop, etc
Situation
The location of a town or village with respect to surrounding areas is called situation.
(c) What are the bases of classifying settlements?
Answer:- Settlements can be classified on basis of residence and main occupation into rural and urban. Settlements may also be classified on bases of their shape, pattern types into Compact or Nucleated settlements and Dispersed settlements.
(d) How would you justify the study of human settlements in human geography?
Answer:- The study of human settlements is required in human geography because it reflects relationships of humans with the environment. It reflects association of humans with lands and affected with economic, social and physical factors.
Q3. Answer the following questions in not more than 150 words.
(a) What are rural and urban settlements? Mention their characteristics.
Answer:- Rural Settlements : The settlements whose population is less than 5000, around 75% of its population are engaged in primary activities and density is less than 400 people per sq km is rural settlement. Its characteristics are :
● Maximum people are engaged in primary activities. For livelihood, they depend on land resources directly.
● They lack economic and social infrastructure.
● Its population is less and they have less population density.
● They depend on urban areas to obtain manufactured consumer goods.
Urban Settlements : The Indian census defines it as ‘all places which have cantonment, corporation, municipality, or notified town area committee where minimum population is more than 5000, at least 75% male are engaged in non-agriculture activities and population density is more than 400 people per square km.’ Its characteristics are :
● In urban areas, population as well as population density is high.
● Maximum people are engaged in secondary and tertiary activities.
● They have advanced economic and social infrastructure.
(b) Discuss the problems associated with urban settlements in developing countries.
Answer:- These problems are :
Increasing Slums : People move to cities in search of employment opportunities and civic amenities. As most cities in developing countries are unplanned, it creates severe congestion. Housing shortage, vertical expansion and slum growth are widely seen in such cities. In such cities, a major portion of people reside in substandard houses in slums.
Economic Problems : Employment opportunities have been decreasing in rural as well as urban areas. There are several semi-skilled and unskilled labourers saturated in urban areas. It increases pressure on existing infrastructure of cities.
Socio-Culture issues : Cities in developing countries suffer from several issues. There are increasing crime rates and equal opportunities are not available for everyone. Health and educational facilities are beyond the reach of urban poor.
Environmental Pollution : Increase in congestion and no of vehicles on the road, cutting down of trees to pave ways for housing and other similar facilities has given rise to environmental pollution.
Extra Questions of NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography Chapter 10 Human Settlements
Very Short Type Question Answer
Q1. How would you define a settlement?
Answer:- A settlement is a cluster of houses in the form of a village, a town or a city.
Q2. What are the bases of classification of settlements?
Answer:- Shape and size.
Q3. What is a human settlement?
Answer:- A human settlement is a place inhabited more or less permanently.
Q4. What are the two types of settlements on the basis of shape?
Answer:- Compact or nucleated settlement and dispersed or scattered settlement.
Q5. What is nucleated settlement?
Answer:- Compact or nucleated settlements are those in which large numbers of houses are built very close to each other. These are generally developed in river valleys or in fertile plains.
Q6. Where are compact settlements developed?
Answer:- Along river valley and in fertile plains compact type of settlement developed.
Q7. What are the two features of compact settlements?
Answer:- The communities of compact settlement are closely knit and they share common occupation.
Q8. What is Cruciform settlement?
Answer:- Cruciform Settlement develops on the cross roads and houses extend in all the four directions.
Q9. What is Sub-urbanisation?
Answer:- From congested urban areas, now there is a trend of people moving away from other areas to cleaner areas outside the city in search of better quality of life. Such areas are known as sub-urbanization.
Q10. What do you mean by Dispersed Settlement?
Answer:- In which types of settlement, houses are spaced far apart and often interspersed with fields, that is called dispersed settlement.
Q11. Give the meaning of Conurbation.
Answer: When many separated towns or cities merge together, that is called conurbation.
Q12. What do you mean by Conurbation?
Answer:- When many separated towns or cities merging together, that is called conurbation.
Q13. What do you mean by Megalopolis?
Answer:- Union of conurbation is referred to as megalopolis.
Human Settlements Important Extra Questions Short Answer Type
Q1. What is the basic difference between towns and villages ?
Answer:- On the basis of population size, a village is different from a town. But the basic difference between towns and villages is that in towns the main occupation of the people is related to secondary and tertiary sectors, while in villages, most of the people are engaged in primary occupations.
Q2. What are suburbs ? Why do people shift to suburbs ?
Answer:- Smaller towns around the congested towns are called suburbs. People move away from the congested area to cleaner areas outside the city in search of a better quality of living.
Q3. Describe the building materials used for dwellings in different areas.
Answer:- (i) In Loess areas of China, cave dwellings were important.
(ii) In Africa, Savanna mud bricks were used as building material.
(iii) In polar regions, Eskimos used ice blocks to construct Igloos.
Q4. What are canal colonies ? Give one example.
Answer:- Planned settlements constructed by government by providing shelter water and infrastructure are called canal colonies built along the banks of canals. In India Indira Gandhi Canal Command area has such colonies.
Fundamentals of Human Geography
- Lesson 1 Human Geography : Nature and Scope
- Lesson 2 The World Population (Distribution, Density and Growth)
- Lesson 3 Population Composition
- Lesson 4 Human Development
- Lesson 5 Primary Activities
- Lesson 6 Secondary Activities
- Lesson 7 Tertiary and Quaternary Activities
- Lesson 8 Transport and Communication
- Lesson 9 International Trade
- Lesson 10 Human Settlement