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NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Sociology Chapter wise
Q1. Write short notes on:
(i) Women’s Movement:
Answer: (i) Women’s Movement: Many women oriented social evils existed in the Indian society right from the beginning. That’s why many women’s organisations came into being at the national and local level in the early 20th century. The Women’s India Association (WIA) (1917), All India Women’s Conference (AIWC) (1926) and National Council for Women in India (NCWI) (1925) are worth mentioning. Some of them started with a limited scope but their scope widened over time.
For example, the AIWC started with an idea of ‘Women Welfare’ and ‘Politics’ but a few years later its President stated that, “Can the Indian man or woman be free if India be a slave? How can we remain dumb about national freedom, the very basis of all great reforms?” It can be argued that this period of activity did not constitute a social movement. It can be argued otherwise as well.
(ii) Tribal Movements:
Answer:
- Different tribal groups spread across the country may share common issues. But the distinctions between them are equally significant.
- Jharkhand is one of the newly-formed states of India, carved out of south Bihar in the year 2000. Behind the formation of this state lies more than a century of resistance. The social movement for Jharkhand had a charismatic leader in Birsa Munda, an adivasi who led a major uprising against the British.
- Literate adivasis began to research and write about their history and myths. They documented and disseminated information about tribal customs and cultural practices. This helped create a unified ethnic consciousness and a shared identity as Jharkhandis.
- Adivasi experiences of marginalisation and their sense of injustice were mobilised to create a shared Jharkhandi identity and inspire collective action that eventually led to the formation of a separate state.
Q2. In India, it is difficult to make a clear distinction between the old and new social movements. Discuss.
Answer: A number of social movements were started in India involving peasants, women, adivasi, dalits and others. Can these movement be called as ‘new social movements’? Gail Omvedt wrote a book called ‘Reinventing Revolution’, in which she points out that social inequality and unequal distribution of resources were the main elements of these movements. Peasant movements were started for a better price of their produce and against the removal of agricultural subsidies.
Dalit movements were started to save the dalits from exploitation by upper caste landowners and money lenders. Women’s movement started against gender discrimination in different fields like workplace and within the family. At the same time, these new social movements are not only about old issues of economic inequality and they were not organised along class lines alone.
Essential elements of these movements were identity politics, cultural anxieties and aspirations as these were not the issues in old movements. Generally, all the classes of the society unitedly participated in these movements. For example urban, middle class feminists and poor peasant women participated in the women’s movement. The regional movements, for separate statehood brought different groups closer to each other, who do not share homogeneous class identities. In a social movement, questions of social inequality can occur alongside other, equally important issues.
Q3. Environmental movements often also contain economic and identity issues. Discuss.
Answer:
- The Chipko movement, an example of the ecological movement, in the Himalayan foothills is a good example of such intermingled interests and ideologies. According to Ramachandra Guha in his book Unquiet Woods, villagers rallied together to save the oak and rhododendron forests near their villages.
- The economy of subsistence was pitted against the economy of profit. Along with this issue of social inequality (villagers versus a government that represented commercial, capitalist interests), the Chipko movement also raised the issue of ecological sustainability.
- Cutting down natural forests was a form of environmental destruction that had resulted in devastating floods and landslides in the region. For the villagers, these ‘red’ and ‘green’ issues were inter-linked. While their survival depended on the survival of the forest, they also valued the forest for its own sake as a form of ecological wealth that benefits all.
- The Chipko movement also expressed the resentment of hill villagers against a distant government headquartered in the plains that seemed indifferent and hostile to their concerns. So concerns about economy, ecology and political representation underlay the Chipko movement.
Q4. Distinguish between Peasant and New Farmer’s Movements.
Answer: The modern period has greatly emphasised the issue of development. From many decades, people are concerned about the uncontrolled use of natural resources and a model of development which creates new needs. It further demands more exploitations of the already depleted natural resources.
This model of development has also been critiqued because it has been assumed that all the sections of the society benefit from this development. So big dams displaced the people from their livelihood and homes. The impact of industrial pollution is another story. Here, we can take example of an ecological movement in which many issues are interlinked.
The Chipko movement, in the foothills of the Himalayas is an example of interlinked issues. Ramachandra Guha wrote in his book, “Unquiet Woods’, that villagers rallied together to save the rhododendron and Oak forests near their villages. When the government contractors came to cut down the trees, all the villagers stepped forward and hugged the trees to prevent them from being axed.
Q5. Distinguish between Peasent and New Farmer’s movements.
Answer: The main issues of concern of peasent movements was the abolition of Zamindars, land-reforms, exploitation of farmers, land ceding laws, etc. and these movements were initiated before independence. But New Farmer’s movements were initiated after independence and their main issues were non-removal of agricultural subsidies, welfare of farmers, waiver of their loans and more value of their produce. In this way, there exist a difference in nature between the peasant and New Farmer’s movements.
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