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NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science History Chapter wise
Page No. 137
Questions
Q1. Explain why nomadic tribes need to move from one place to another. What are the advantages to the environment of this continuous movement?
Answer: Nomadic tribes need to move from one place to another because of seasonal changes. They seek to make effective use of pastures available in different areas. Many factors are taken into consideration to initiate movement to or from an area. These factors are availability of water and pasture, smooth movement through different territories, and cordial relationship with farmers while travelling so that their cattle can be allowed to graze (and in turn manure the soil). This also allows nomadic tribes to practice many occupations such as cultivation, trade and herding.
This continuous movement is advantageous to the environment because the nomadic tribes allow pastures to recover and regain fertility. Also, pastures are not rendered completely barren by exploitative and long use.
Q2. Discuss why the colonial government in India brought in the following laws. In each case, explain how the law changed the lives of pastoralists:
Answer: Waste Land Rules: To colonial officials all uncultivated land was unproductive, it produced neither revenue nor agricultural produce. It was considered as a wasteland, which had to be brought under the plough. Wasteland rules were enacted in the mid-19th century in many parts of the country. By these rules uncultivated land was taken over and given to select individuals. In most places, the land taken over was the grazing tracts used by the pastoralists. So the expansion of cultivation meant less pastures for the animals.
Forest Acts: In the mid-19th century various Forest Acts were enacted in different provinces. Through these Acts forests were divided into Reserved Forests and Protected Forests. The pastoralists had no access to the Reserved Forests. In the Protected Forests, some grazing rights were given to the pastoralists but their movement was restricted. The colonial officals believed that grazing destroyed the saplings and flocks munched away the shoots.
The Forest Acts changed the lives of the pastoralists. They were prevented from entering many forests, that had earlier provided good pastures. The pastoralists now needed a permit for entry. It specified the period during which they could stay in the forest. If they overstayed, they were fined. They had to leave the forest, even when forage was available.
Criminal Tribes Act 1871: The colonial government wanted to rule over a settled population. They wanted them to live in fixed places, with fixed rights on particular fields. Such a population could be ruled easily. Settled population was seen as peace loving and law abiding. The colonial people were suspicious of nomadic and pastoral tribes, who moved from place to place and hawkeld their goods. They had no fixed place of residence and moved every season to find pasture for the animals.
In 1871, the colonial government passed the Criminal Tribes Act. According to this Act many communities of pastoralists, craftsmen and traders were classified as Criminal Tribes. These communities had to live only in notified village settlements. They were not allowed to move out without a permit. The police kept a continuous watch on these people.
Grazing Tax: The aim of the colonial government was to collect as much revenue as possible, so tax was imposed on land, water, salt, trade goods and animals. By 1880, each pastoralist was given a pass. Each cattle herder had to pay tax for each cattle head. The amount paid was entered on the pass.
Q3. Give Reasons To Explain Why the Maasai Community Lost Their Grazing Lands.
Answer: In 1885, an international boundary was drawn between the two territories of British Kenya and German Tanganyika, dividing Maasai land in half.
The richest pastures were set aside for white communities, and the Maasai tribes in south Kenya and north Tanzania were assigned arid, small territories. Due to a shortage of suitable grazing places and a two-year drought, the Maasai tribes lost about 60% of their livestock. Their problems were worsened by increased cultivation and marketing of game reserves. As a result of the growing authority of colonies and negative impact on the Maasai’s social life, this community gradually lost all of its grazing areas.
Q4. There are many similarities in the way in which the modern world forced changes in the lives of pastoral communities in India and East Africa. Write about any two examples of changes which were similar for Indian pastoralists and the Maasai herders.
Answer: India and East Africa were under occupation by European colonial powers. There were many similarities in which both the regions were exploited by these powers
(i) Forest laws:
Various forest laws were also responsible for changing the lives of pastoralists both in India and Africa.
In India, the forest was classed as reserved and protected. No pastoralist was allowed access into the reserved forest.
One of the problems is the Maasai people have faced is the continuous loss of their grazing lands. The colonial government increase the local peasants to expand cultivation.
(ii) Closing of borders:
In Africa, Maasailand was cut into half with the International boundary between British Kenya and German Tanganyika. The best land was taken over by the White settlers, and the locals were pushed into a small area with restricted pastures.
In India, the division of country forced the Raikas to find out the new pastures in Haryana as due to political division they were no longer allowed to go to Sindh which became a province of Pakistani. The Sindh province has become a part of Pakistan, and the herders cannot go there
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