We have completed the NCERT/CBSE Solutions chapter-wise for Class 12 Sociology Chapter 5 Change and Development in Industrial Society with Answers by expert subject teacher for latest syllabus and examination. Prepare effectively for the exam taking the help of the Class 12 Sociology NCERT Solutions PDF free of cost from here. Students also can take a free NCERT Solutions of Change and Development in Industrial Society. Each question has right answer Solved by Expert Teacher. Download the Sociology NCERT Solutions with Answers for Class 12 Sociology Pdf and prepare to help students understand the concept very well.
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Sociology Chapter wise
Q1. Choose any occupation you see around you – and describe it along the following lines
(a) social composition of the work force – caste, gender, age, region
Answer: Social Composition of the work force. People of all the castes and both sexes work in the school in which I teach. Males and females both work with each other and no caste discrimination takes place. Old people and young ones both work with each other. Experinced teachers guide the young teachers so that they could teach in a proper way and improve their teaching skills.
(b) labour process – how the work takes place,
Answer: Labour process. All the teachers come, to school early in the morning. All the teachers know about their classes, time-table etc. Every one takes his/her class according to their period and time. School also runs busses to bring students and teachers from far off places. Teachers are given pay according to their experience and ability.
(c) wages and other benefits,
Answer: Wages and other benefits. All the teachers are given pay according to their experience and ability. Some are given PGT (Post Graduate Teacher) scale, some TGT (Trained Graduate Teacher) scale and some are given PRT (Primary Teacher) scale. They have the facility of bus service free of cost. With this G.P.F. facility is also given to them. Facility of L.T.C. (Leave Travel Concession) is also there.
(d) working conditions – safety, rest times, working hours, etc.
Answer: Working Conditions. Teachers have to spend 7 hours a day in the school. They are also given free time for rest in between periods so that they do not get exhausted.
Q2. In the account of brick making, bidi rolling, software engineers or mines that are described in the boxes, describe the social composition of the workers. What are the working conditions and facilities available? How do girls like Madhu feel about their work?
Answer:
- Social institution like caste, kinship, networks, gender and regions also influence the way the work is organized or the way in which products are marketed.
- In certain jobs and departments we find more women working than the men. For example, they are working more in numbers in nursing or teaching jobs than in other sectors like engineering.
- In India, over 90% of the work, whether it is in agriculture, industry or services is in the unorganized or informal sector.
- Very few people have the experience of employment in large firms where they get to meet people from other regions and backgrounds.
- Urban settings do provide some corrective to this – your neighbours in a city may be from a different place – by and large, work for most Indians is still in small-scale workplaces.
- Nearly 60% were employed in the primary sector (agriculture and mining), 17% in the secondary sector (manufacturing, construction and utilities), and 23% in the tertiary sector (trade, transport, financial services, etc.).
- The share of agriculture has declined sharply, and services contribute approximately half. This is a very serious situation because it means that the sector where the maximum people are employed is not able to generate much income for them.
- India is still largely an agricultural country. The service sector – shops, banks, the IT industry, hotels and other services are employing more people and the urban middle class is growing, along with urban middle class values like those we see in television serials and films.
- But we also see that very few people in India have access to secure jobs, with even the small number in regular salaried employment becoming more insecure due to the rise in contract labour.
- Employment by the government was a major avenue for increasing the well-being of the population, but now even that is coming down.
- Girls like Madhu enjoy their work of rolling of bidis and filling of tobacco rolled tendu leaves.
- They get opportunity to sit close to their family members and other women and listen to their chat. They spend most of their time in work in factory of bidis.
- Due to long hours of sitting in the same posture daily, they suffer from backache.
Madhu wants to restart her schooling.
Q3. How has liberalisation attacked employment patterns in India?
Answer: The policy of liberalisation has been followed by Indian government since 1990. Foreign companies were encouraged to invest in India.. The pobcy of bberalisation has affected employment patterns in India in following ways:
(i) Now foreign products are easily available in the country. Due to this many labourers have lost their jobs
(ii) Multinational companies like Coke, Pepsi, etc. entered Indian market. It is right that these companies have created a number of employment opportunities but it has affected Indian market. No Indian company could stand in their competition. A number of people got jobs but a number of people also lost their jobs.
(iii) Foreign companies and large business houses of India have entered the retail sector. They also provided jobs to the people but small traders, shopkeepers, hawkers, etc. lost their jobs as their small business are adversely affected by their large showrooms.
(iv) Government has followed the policy of disinvestment in which public sector companies are now sold to private companies. Private owners try to cut the cost by scritinising a number of employees with which many people loose their jobs. Some choose to take voluntary retirement. The remaining are forced to do more work.
(v) Due to multinational companies, outsourcing of work takes place and house hold works remains no more in the fray.
We Think the given NCERT Solutions for class 12 Sociology book Chapter 5 Change and Development in Industrial Society with Answers Pdf free download will assist you. If you’ve got any queries regarding CBSE Class 12 Sociology Change and Development in Industrial Society NCERT Solutions with Answers, drop a comment below and that we will come back to you soons.