We have completed the NCERT/CBSE Solutions chapter-wise for Class 12 Sociology Chapter 4 Change and Development in Rural Society with Answers by expert subject teacher for latest syllabus and examination. Prepare effectively for the exam taking the help of the Class 12 Sociology NCERT Solutions PDF free of cost from here. Students also can take a free NCERT Solutions of Change and Development in Rural Society. Each question has right answer Solved by Expert Teacher. Download the Sociology NCERT Solutions with Answers for Class 12 Sociology Pdf and prepare to help students understand the concept very well.
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Sociology Chapter wise
Q1. Read the passage given and answer the questions:
The harsh working conditions suffered by labourers in Aghanbigha were an outcome of the combined effect of the economic power of the maliks as a class and their overwhelming power as members of a dominant caste. A significant aspect of the social power of the maliks was their ability to secure the intervention of various arms of the state to advance their interests. Thus, political factors decisively contributed to widening the gulf between the dominant class and the underclass.
(i) Why do you think the maliks were able to use the power of the state to advance their own interests?
Answer: (a) The maliks being dominant caste were very powerful politically, economically and socially.
(b) Because of power they were able to use the power of state for their vested interests.
(ii) Why did labourers have harsh working conditions?
Answer: Labourers have harsh working conditions because Maliks have the economic power and they are related with dominant caste. That is why they were exploiting the labourers and labourers had no option but to accept this.
Q2. What measures do you think the government has taken, or should take, to protect the rights of landless agricultural labourers and migrant workers?
Answer: Measures to protect the right of Landless:
Abolition of bonded labour legally:
Bandhua mazdoor (bonded labourers) practice in U.P and Bihar, Halpati System in Gujarat and Jeeta System in Karnataka has been legally abolished by Government of India.
- Abolition of Zamindari System: The intermediaries between the peasants and the state were the Zamindars. The state very effectively and intensively passed legislation and this system was abolished.
Abolition and regulation act for Tenancy:
These laws discouraged tenancy or ‘Batai’ system. In West Bengal and Kerala, where CPI systems government was in power the tenants got the land rights.
Imposition of Land Ceiling Act:
According to this act the upper limit of land for an owner is being fixed. Because of this act to identify surplus land and redistribute among the landless became programme of the state. Binoba Bhave’s Bhoodan yojna instructed this legislation but there are many shortcomings in this act and should be taken care of.
- To improve the condition of landless people living in villages the state should take appropriate measures and this whole sector should be organised.
- The economic conditions of villages should be improved by the state. Villages should be well connected to the ties, job opportunities should be creaked in the villages. Education and health facilities as well as entertainment facilities should be developed in the villages to discourage migration. MANREGA is an effective measure in this duration.
- Consolidation of Land: Landowner farmers are given one or two bigger piece of land in lieu of their several scattered small fields. It may be done as voluntary consolidation or as compulsory consolidation. This can bring about lot of efficiencies in agriculture process as a farmer.
Q3. There are direct linkages between the situation of agricultural workers and their lack of upward socio-economic mobility. Name some of them.
Answer: Poverty, unemployment, indebtedness, migration, non-availability of land, lack of knowledge of government policies, lack of knowledge of new technology, etc. are some of the factors which are some of the obstacles in the upward socio-economic mobility of agricultural workers.
Q4. What are the different factors that have enabled certain groups to transform themselves into new wealthy, entrepreneurial, dominant classes? Can you think of an example of this transformation in your state?
Answer: Green Revolution came in the decade of 1960 which had its own consequences. Not only production of grains increased due to Green Revolution but it also brought certain changes. Economic inequality in rural Indian society was increased due to Green Revolution.
New machines, new technology, new seeds, fertilizers, means of irrigation, pesticides etc. came in front due to Green Revolution but they were out of reach of small and marginal farmers. Rich farmers bought all these things but small and marginal farmers were unable to do so. That is why economic inequality increased between rich farmers and marginal farmers.
Q5. Hindi and regional language films were often set in rural areas. Think of a film set in rural India and describe the agrarian society and culture that is shown in it. How do you think the portrayal is? Have you seen any recent film set in rural areas? If not how would you explain it?
Answer: Do it yourself with the help of your teacher.
Q6. Visit a construction site in your neighbourhood, a brickyard or other such place where you are likely to find migrate workers. Find out where the workers come from. How are they recruited from their home villages, who is the ‘mukadam’? If they are from rural areas, find out about their lives in their villages and why they have to migrate to find work.
Answer: Do it yourself with the help of your teacher.
Q7. Visit your local fruit-seller and ask her/him about the fruits she/he sells, where they come from and their prices. Find out what has happened to the prices of local products after fruits began to be imported from outside of India (such as apples from Australia). Are there are any imported fruits that are cheaper than Indian fruits?
Answer: Do it yourself with the help of your teacher.
Q8. Collect information and write a report on the environmental situation in rural India. Examples of topics: pesticides; declining water table; impact of para farming coastal areas; salinisation of soil and water logging in canal irrigated areas; loss of biodiversity. Possible source: State of India’s Environment Reports: Reports from Centre for science and Development Down to Earth
Answer: Do it yourself with the help of your teacher.
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