We have completed the NCERT/CBSE Solutions chapter-wise for Class 12 Sociology Chapter 5 Patterns of Social Inequality and Exclusion with Answers by expert subject teacher for latest syllabus and examination. Prepare effectively for the exam taking the help of the Class 12 Sociology NCERT Solutions PDF free of cost from here. Students also can take a free NCERT Solutions of Patterns of Social Inequality and Exclusion. Each question has right answer Solved by Expert Teacher. Download the Sociology NCERT Solutions with Answers for Class 12 Sociology Pdf and prepare to help students understand the concept very well.
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Sociology Chapter wise
Q1. How is social inequality different from the inequality of individual?
Answer: Individual inequality refers to destructiveness and variations among individuals in their psychological and physical characteristics.
Social inequality and exclusion are social because they are not about individuals but about groups. Second, they are social in the sense that they are not economic, although there is usually a strong link between social and economic inequality. Third, they are systematic and structured – there is a definite pattern to social inequalities.
Q2. What are some of the features of social stratification?
Answer: (i) Society, in social stratification, is divided into different layers or stratas in which mutual relations between humans is based upon superiority and inferiority.
(ii) Different classes have different social status in social stratification. Some may have a higher status whereas others may have low status while still some might have neither a higher nor a lower status.
(iii) Interactions, in stratification, are restricted to a specific level. Every individual establishes relations with other individuals of the same status.
(iv) Social stratification persists over generations. It is closely related to the family circle and to the inheritance of social resources from one generation to another.
(v) Social stratification is supported by patterns of belief or ideology.
Q3. How would you distinguish prejudice from other kinds of opinion or belief?
Answer: Prejudice refers to pre-judgement, i.e., an opinion made in advance. Prejudice refers to pre-thought opinions or attitudes held by members of one group towards another.
Prejudice may be either positive or negative. A prejudiced person’s pre-thought views r are .generally based on hearsay rather than on direct evidence. This word is generally used for negative pre-judgements.
On the other hand, an opinion is a judgment about someone or something, not necessarily based on fact and knowledge.
Q4. What is social exclusion?
Answer: Social exclusion refers to ways in which individuals may become cut off from full involvement in the wider society. It focuses attention on a broad range of factors that prevent individuals or groups from having opportunities open to the majority of the population.
Social exclusion is not accidental but systematic – it is the result of structural features of society.
Social exclusion is involuntary – that is, exclusion is practiced regardless of the wishes of those who are excluded. For example, rich people are never found sleeping on the pavement or under bridges like thousands of homeless poor people in cities and towns. This does not mean that the rich are being ‘excluded’ from access to pavements and park benches because they could certainly gain access if they wanted to, but they choose not to.
Social exclusion is sometimes wrongly justified by the same logic – it is said that the excluded group itself does not wish to participate. The truth of such an argument is not obvious when exclusion is preventing access to something desirable (as different from something clearly undesirable, like sleeping on the pavement).
Q5. What is the relationship between caste and economic inequality today?
Answer: In the hierarchy of caste system each caste has a specific place and social status. There has been a close correlation between social or caste status and economic status. The high’ castes were almost invariably of high economic status. On the other hand, the “low’ caste were almost always of low economic status.
However, in the 19th Century the link between caste and occupation had become less , rigid consequently, the link between caste and economic status is not as rigid today as it used to be.At the macro line things have not changed much. The difference between the privileged a high economic status sections of society and disadvantaged (a low economic status) sections still persists.
Q6. What is untouchability?
Answer: Caste system had one extreme and particularly vicious aspect and that was untouchability. It prescribes strict social restrictions against the castes located at the bottom of the social hierarchy. Strictly speaking, the untouchable castes were outside the caste hierarchy and were considered as impure. Untouchability has been declared illegal under the Untouchability Offence Act, 1955.
Q7. Describe some of the policies designed to address caste inequality.
Answer: At the state level, there are special programmes for scheduled tribes and scheduled castes. Because of massive ·discrimination practised against them, special provisions have been made for them. The OBCs have also been added to this special provisions. The laws passed to end, prohibit and punish caste discrimination, especially untouchability are:
(i) Caste Disabilities Removal Act of 1850, disallowed the curtailment of rights of citizens due solely to change of religion or caste. It allowed entry of Dalit to government schools.
(ii) Constitution Amendment (93rd Amendment) Act of 2005, for introducing reservation for OBCs in institutions of higher education.
(iii) Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act of 1989, to abolish untouchability (Article 17) and introduced reservation provisions.
(iv) 1989 Prevention of Atrocities Act revised and strengthened the legal provisions against Dalits and Adivasis.
Q8. How are the Other Backward Castes different from the Dalits (or Scheduled Castes)?
Answer: Untouchability was ttie most visible and discriminatory form of social inequality. Despite this, there was a large group of castes which were of low status and were also subjected to varying levels of discrimination. The ex-untouchability communities their leaders have coined, another term, Dalit’, which is now the generally accepted term for referring to these groups. The term Dalit literally means ‘downtrodden’ and conveys the sense of an oppressed people.
However, the constitution of India recognises the probability what there may be groups other than SCs and STs who suffer from social advantages. These groups were described as “socially and educationally” backward classes or other backward classes.” The OBCs are neither part of the formed castes at the upper end of the caste hierarchy, nor the Dalits at the lower end. The OBCs are a much more diverse groups than the Dalits.
Q9. What are the major issues of concern to adivasis today?
Answer: Tribes five very much away from our society, culture and civilization because of which they came in contact with our society only in recent times. That is why these to women’s movements. Few social reformers convinced the British to pass certain laws to eradicate such social evils from the society.
After this, Gandhiji motivated the women to come out of their houses and take part in freedom struggle. He was of the view that their disabilities can only be eradicated if they come out of their houses. He stressed on women’s education. That is why thousands of women came out of their houses and took part in the freedom struggle.
Q10. What are the major issues taken up by the women’s movement over its history?
Answer: Scholars and social reformers have shown that the inequalities between men and women are social rather than natural. The women’s question became prominent in the 19th Century. Raja Rammohun Roy’s attempt to reform society, religion and status of women in Bengal. He undertook the campaign against “Sati” which was the first women’s issue to receive public attention.
Jyotiba Phule was from socially excluded caste and he attacked both caste and gender discrimination. He established the Satyashodhak Samaj with its primary emphasis on truth seeking. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan made efforts to reform Muslim Society. He wanted girls to be educated, but within the precincts of their homes.
He stood for women’s education but sought for a curriculum that included instruction in religious principles, training in arts of housekeeping and handicrafts and rearing of children.
Tarabai Shinde a Maharashtrian housewife, wrote, Stree Purush Tulana as a protest against the double standards of a male dominated society.
Women’s issues emphatically surfaced in 1970s . The burning issues were rape of women in police custody, dowry murders and gender injustice, etc. The new challenges have come in the form of social bias against the girl child sex ratio which is falling very sharply.
Q11. In what sense can one say that ‘disability’ is as much a social as a physical thing?
Answer: The disabled are struggling not because they are physically or mentally challenged but also because society is built in a manner that does not cater to their needs.
- In the Indian context, one of the leading scholars of disability, Anita Ghai, argues that the invisibility of the disabled can be compared to the Invisible Man of Ralph Ellison which is a famous indictment of racism against African Americans in the USA.
- Common features of the public perceptions of disability are:
1) Disability is understood as a biological factor.
2) Whenever a disabled person is confronted with problems, it is taken for granted that the problems originate from his/her impairment.
3) The disabled person is seen as a victim.
4) Disability is supposed to be linked with the disabled individual’s self perception.
5) The very idea of disability suggests that they are in need of help.
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