We have completed the NCERT/CBSE Solutions chapter-wise for Class 9 Social Science History Chapter 2 Socialism in Europe and the Russian with Answers by expert subject teacher for latest syllabus and examination. Prepare effectively for the exam taking the help of the Class 9 Social Science NCERT Solutions PDF free of cost from here. Students also can take a free NCERT Solutions of Socialism in Europe and the Russian. Each question has right answer Solved by Expert Teacher. Download the Social Science NCERT Solutions with Answers for Class 9 Social Science Pdf and prepare to help students understand the concept very well.
NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science History Chapter wise
Page No. 48
Exercise
Q1. What were the social, economic and political conditions in Russia before 1905?
Answer: Social Condition:
Workers were a divided group. Some had strong links with the villages; others had settled permanently in cities. Workers were divided based on their skills. The division among workers reflected in their dress and manners too.
Economic Condition:
Most industries were the private property of industrialists. Government supervised large factories. The industry was found in pockets. Many factories were set up in the 1890s when Russia’s railway network was extended, foreign investment in industry increased, coal production had doubled, and iron and steel output quadrupled. Most industries were the private property of industrialists.
Political condition:
Russia was an autocracy. Unlike other European countries, The Tsar was not subject to a Parliament. Liberals in Russia campaigned to end this state of affairs.
Socialist Revolutionary Party struggled for Peasants rights
1905 was the year when the incident of ‘Bloody Sunday’ took place. 100 workers were killed, and about 300 were wounded. Bloody Sunday started a series of events that became known as the 1905 revolution.
Q2. In what ways was the working population in Russia different from other countries in Europe, before 1917?
Answer: Before 1917, Russia’s working population differed from that of other European countries because not all Russian workers travelled from the countryside to work in the factories. Some of them remained in the villages and commuted to work in the towns daily. They were a socially and professionally separated group, which was reflected in their attire and demeanour. Because their trade required more training and skill, metal workers were considered “aristocrats” of the working class. Despite this, the working class remained united behind a single cause: strikes against poor working conditions and employer tyranny.
Q3. Why did the Tsarist autocracy collapse in 1917?
Answer: During the winter of 1917, factory workers faced acute food shortages and extreme cold climate. Dissatisfaction was raging high among the workers.
A factory lockout on the right bank of the river Neva, triggered a strike in the month of February, 1917. 50 other factories joined in the strike. In many factories women led the strike. The government tried many measures to contain the strike. Curfew was imposed, the cavalry and police were called out to suppress the workers. The dissatisfied worker could not be contained. On the 27th of February, the Police Head Quarters’ were ransacked.
The turning point of this revolt was when the government regiments joined the striking workers. They formed the ‘ Soviet’ or ‘Council’. The Tsar was advised to abdicate. Thus the February Revolution brought down the monarchy in 1917.
Q4. Make two lists: one with the main events and the effects of the February Revolution and the other with the main events and effects of the October Revolution. Write a paragraph on who was involved in each, who were the leaders and what was the impact of each on Soviet history.
Answer: Main events and effects of the February Revolution, October Revolution (who was involved, leaders, impact on Soviet history)
(a) The February Revolution
In February 1917, acute food shortages were felt in the workers’ quarters; parliamentarians were opposed to the Tsar’s wish to dissolve the Duma. On 22nd February, a factory lockout occurred and many women led the way to the strikes. The strikes continued, with the workers surrounding fashionable quarters and official buildings at the centre of Petrograd — the Nevskii Prospekt. On 25th February, the Duma was dissolved. This resulted in a ransacking of the Police Headquarters on the 27th. The cavalry refused to fire at the protesting crowd, and by evening, the revolting soldiers and the striking workers were united as a “soviet” or “council” called the Petrograd Soviet.
The Tsar abdicated his power on 2nd March, and the Soviet and Duma leaders formed a Provisional Government for Russia. The February Revolution had no political party at its forefront. It was led by the people themselves. Petrograd had brought down the monarchy, and thus, gained a significant place in Soviet history.
(b) The October Revolution
This arose out of the conflict between the Provisional Government and the Bolsheviks. In September, Vladimir Lenin began to bring together Bolshevik supporters for an uprising. On 16 October 1917, he convinced the Petrograd Soviet and the Bolshevik Party for a socialist seizure of power. A Military Revolutionary Committee was appointed under Leon Trotskii to organise this capture of power.
When the uprising began on 24 October, Prime Minister Kerenskii left the city to bring in the troops to prevent the situation from going out of control. In a swift response, the Military Revolutionary Committee attacked government offices; the ship Aurora shelled the Winter Palace, and by nightfall on the 24th, the city was under Bolshevik control. After some serious fighting, the Bolsheviks gained full control of the Moscow-Petrograd area. The actions of the Bolsheviks were unanimously accepted at a meeting of the All Russian Congress of Soviets, in Petrograd.
The October Revolution was primarily led by Lenin and his sub-ordinate Trotskii, and involved the masses who supported these leaders. It marked the beginning of Lenin’s rule over the Soviet, with the Bolsheviks under his guidance.
Q5. What were the main changes brought about by the Bolsheviks immediately after the October Revolution?
Answer: The changes brought about by the Bolsheviks were:
(i) The Bolsheviks were totally opposed to private property. Most industry and banks were nationalised in November 1917. This meant that the government took over ownership and management.
(ii) Land was declared social property and peasants were allowed to seize the land of the nobility.
(iii) In cities, Bolsheviks enforced the partition of large houses according to family requirements.
(iv) They banned the use of the old titles of aristocracy.
(v) To assert the change, new uniforms were designed for the army and officials, following a clothing competition organised in 1918 – when the Soviet hat (budeonovka) was chosen.
Q6. Write a few lines to show what you know about:
(i) Kulaks
(ii) The Duma
(iii) Women workers between 1900 and 1930.
(iv) The Liberals.
(v) Stalin’s collectivization programme.
Answer: (i) It is the Russian term for wealthy peasants who Stalin believed were hoarding grains to gain more profit. By 1927-28 the towns of Soviet Russia were facing an acute problem of grain supplies. Kulaks were thought to be partly responsible for this. Also to develop modern farms and run them along industrial lines the Party under the leadership of Stalin thought it was necessary to eliminate Kulaks.
(ii) In 1905, Tsar allowed the creation of an elected consultative Parliament or Duma. The Tsar dismissed the first Duma within 75 days and re-elected the second Duma within three months. The Tsar did not want anyone to question his authority or undermine and reduce his powers. The Tsar changed the voting laws and packed the Third Duma with conservative politicians. Liberals and revolutionaries were kept out.
(iii) Women Workers Between 1900 and 1930: By 1914, women accounted for 31% of factory workers, but they were paid between half and three-quarters of the wages paid to males. Women employees, on the other hand, were the ones who led the road to strikes during the February Revolution.
(iv) They espoused a nation that was tolerant towards all religions; one that would protect individual rights against the government. Although the liberals wanted an elected parliamentary form of governance, they believed that the right to vote must only belong to men, and that too the ones who were property holders.
(v)
- He began this program in 1929.
- He believed this program would help in improving grain supplies.
- All peasants were forced to cultivate in collective farms called ‘Kolkhoz’.
- On the contrary, this worsened the food supply situation.
We Think the given NCERT Solutions for class 9 Social Science History book Chapter 2 Socialism in Europe and the Russian with Answers Pdf free download will assist you. If you’ve got any queries regarding CBSE Class 9 Social Science Socialism in Europe and the Russian NCERT Solutions with Answers, drop a comment below and that we will come back to you soons.