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NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography Part B Chapter 10 Transport And Communication
Q1. Choose the right answers of the following from the given options:
(i) In how many zones has the Indian Railways system been divided?
(a) 9
(b) 12
(c) 16
(d) 14
Answer:- (c) 16
(ii) Which one of the following is the longest highway of India?
(a) N.H.-l
(b) N.H.-6
(c) N.H.-7
(d) N.H.-8
Answer:- (c) N.H.-7
(iii) On which river and between which two places does the National Water Way No. 1 lie?
(a) The Brahmaputra, Sadiya-Dhubri
(b) The Ganga, Haldia-Allahabad
(c) West Coast Canal, Kottapuram to Kollam
Answer:- (b) The Ganga, Haldia-Allahabad
(iv) In which of the following year, the first radio programme was broadcast?
(a) 1911
(b).1936
(c) 1927
(d) 1923
Answer:- (d) 1923
Q2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words.
(i) Which activity does transportation convey? Name three major modes of transportation?
Answer:- Transport is included in tertiary activities. Under this, people and goods are taken from place of their availability to the place of their use.
There are three types of transport:
Land transport—Roads, railways, ropeways and pipelines.
Water transport—Inland waterways, sea routes and ocean routes.
Air transport—National and International.
(ii) Discuss advantages and disadvantages of pipeline transportation.
Answer:- Pipelines are the most convenient mode of transport for any liquid goods like petroleum and gas. It is a cheap means of transport and can be laid through difficult terrains, dense forests, deserts and high mountains. It involves low energy consumption. ( Transport and Communication ) But it has more disadvantages in comparison with advantages.
Its disadvantages are:
It is not flexible.
Its capacity cannot be increased once ‘it is laid’.
Maintaining the security of pipeline is difficult.
Underground pipes cannot be repaired easily.
The detection of leakage is also difficult.
(iii) What do you mean by ‘communication
Answer:- Communication means conveyance of information between two points. Different methods of communication are telegraph, printing press, telephone, satellite, etc. On the basis of scale and quality, the mode of communication can be divided into :
- Personal Communication System
- Mass Communication System
(iv) Discuss the contribution of Air India and Indian in the air transport of India.
Answer:- Air India is government owned enterprise and largest international carrier ,It provides International services for passengers and cargo. It connects over 60 destinations all across the world. In 2005, it carried 12.2 million passengers and 4.8 Lakh metric tonnes of cargo.Indian airlines were incorporated in 1953. It was the other flag carrier of India along with Air India and focussed on domestic routes.
Q3. Answer the following questions in about 150 words.
(i) Which are the chief means of transportation in India? Discuss the factors affecting their development.
Answer:- The various means of transport available in India are :-
➔ Road Transport: India has a good and large network of roads.The main advantage is
that it can be used to connect all places. Pucca roads provide the means for fast and
comfortable travel. The roads connect even remote areas like mountains and desert.
➔ Rail Transport: The Indian Railway System is the largest in Asia and the second
largest in the world. It carries a huge load of passengers and also bulky goods from one
region to another. Railways provide an accessible, affordable and fast means of
transport.
Water Transport: Includes ships that sail in oceans and seas, carrying all types of
goods. India has a long coastline and many major and minor ports. Rivers like the
Ganga and Brahmaputra are used extensively as an inland means of water transport.
Air Transport: Aeroplanes are the fastest means of transport. Air transport has made
the world much more connected and allowed transfer of food, medicine, etc. to all
places.In times of floods, other natural calamities or accidents it is the best means of
transport.
The development of transport in any region is influenced by the following factors:-
Historical Factor: This involves the location and patterns of systems, technological
development, institutional development and settlement, and land-use patterns.
The Technological Factor: The technological characteristics of each major transport
mode are considered together with a discussion of the effects of technological advances.
The Physical Factor: This includes physiographic controls upon route selection, and
geological and climatic influences.
The Economic Factor: The structure and nature of transport costs, together with
service quality and methods of pricing and charging.
Political and Social Factors: Government involvement in capital, monopolies
,competition, working conditions and coordination between modes, transport as an
employer and social consequences of transport developments.
(ii) Give a detailed account of the development of railways in India and highlight their importance.
Answer:- India is a land of diverse culture and Indian Railways play a key role in not only meeting the transport needs of the country but also binding together dispersed areas and promoting national integration. Indian Railways has been the prime movers to the nation and has the distinction of being one of the largest railway systems of the world under a single management.
Railways being the more energy efficient mode of transport are ideally suited for the movement of bulk commodities and for long distance travel. As compared to road transport, the railways has a number of intrinsic advantages. Railways are five to six times more energy efficient, four times more efficient in land use and significantly superior from the standpoints or environment impact and safety.
Railways being the prime infrastructural sector of the country needs to expand and develop to keep pace with the growth of Indian economy. The massive investment needed for the development of the railway system has not been fully available
Railways traverse through the length and breadth of the country covering 63,140 route kms as on 31.3.2002, comprising broad gauge (45,099 kms), meter gauge (14,776 kms) and narrow gauge (3.265 krns). As the principal constituent of the nation’s transport system, Indian Railways own a fleet of 2,16,717 wagons (units), 39,236 coaches and 7,739 number of locomotives and manage to run 14,444 trains daily, including about 8,702 passenger trains. They carry more than a million tonne of freight traffic and about 14 million passengers covering 6,856 number of stations daily.
Railways have to perform the dual role of commercial organization ad vehicle for fulfillment of social obligations. In national emergency, railways have been in the forefront in rushing relief material to disaster stricken regions. The Indian Railway system is managed through zones and operating divisions. There are also six production units engaged in manufacturing rolling stock, wheels and axles and other ancillary components to meet Railways’ requirements.
(iii) Describe the role of roads in the economic development of India
Answer:- The roads play an important role in economic development. From transportation of goods
and passengers to connecting far flung marketplaces to doorstep.It is also easy and cheap to
construct and maintain roads. It establishes easy contact between farms, fields, factories.
Roads can be built in high gradients and sharp turns. Roads act as great feeders to railways.
Road transport is more flexible than any other transport. Perishable commodities like
vegetables, fruits and milk are transported more easily and quickly by roads than by railways.
Extra Questions of Class 12 Geography Part B Chapter 10 Transport And Communication
Q1. Which is the longest National Highways in India?
Answer:- National Highway 44 links Srinagar to Kanniyakumari (Kanyakumari) is the longest NH in India.
Q2. What is the importance of International Highways?
Answer:- The International Highways are meant to promote the harmonious relationship with the neighbouring countries by providing effective links with India 8s connecting people remote area.
Q3. Name the two places which connects NH1.
Answer:- Amristsar and Delhi
Q4. On which river is NW1 made? Name two places which connect it.
Answer:- Ganga River—Allahabad and Haldia.
Q5. Name the two places which connect NW2. Name the river on which NW2 is made.
Answer:- Sadiya and Dhubri. NW2 is made on the Brahmaputra river.
Q6. Name the two places which connect NW-3.
Answer:- Kottapuram and Kollam
Q7. Name the first air transport segment in India.
Answer:- Air transport in India made a beginning in 1911 when airmail operation commenced over a little distance of 10km between Allahabad and Naini.
Q8. Which means of transport is being used widely in India for trading?
Answer:- Water transport or oceanic routes.
Q9. What is the new name of Indian Airlines and when was it given to it?
Answer:- The new name of Indian Airlines is Indian and it was given on 8th December, 2005.
Q10. What services are provided by Air India?
Answer:- Air India provides international air services for both passengers and cargo traffic. It connects all the continents of the world through its services. In 2005, it carried 12.2 million passengers and 4.8 lakh metric tonnes of cargo. About 52 per cent of the total air traffic was handled only at Mumbai and Delhi airports.
Q11. What do you know about Pawan Hans?
Answer:- Pawan Hans is the helicopter service operating in hilly areas and is widely used by tourists in north eastern sector. Pawan Hans Limited also provides helicopter services to petroleum sector as well as to tourists.
Q12. Describe the different means of communication.
Answer:- Communication network carries information from one place to another physically like postal services, through wires like telegraph and telephone, or through airwaves like radio and television. Some communication systems work in cooperation with transport system like postal services. Others, however, function independent of the transport system such as radio.
Q13. Which are the two types of roads included under the category of ‘other roads’ in India? Write any two features of each.
Answer:- Border roads and International Highways are included under the category of ‘Other Roads’ in India. These are described below:
Border Roads These are strategically important roads along the Northern and North- Eastern boundary of the country.
Characteristics of border roads are as follows:
The total length of border roads was 40450 km in 2005 which was constructed by BRO.
These roads are important to accelerate economic development and strengthening defence preparedness.
International Highway These are roads which connect India to neighbouring countries.
Characteristics of International highways are as follows:
They aim to promote a harmonious relationship with neighbouring countries.
They provide an effective connection to neighbouring countries.
Q14. Why is the Indian railway system divided into sixteen zones? Name the headquarters of Eastern, Western, Northern and Southern zones.
Answer:- India has one of the longest railway networks in the world. Indian railways are the largest government undertaking in India. The Indian railway network is 64460 km long.
To reduce the pressure of this large size railway from a centralised railway system, the Indian railway system has been divided into sixteen zones. The headquarters of Eastern railway is Kolkata, the Western railway is Mumbai (Church gate), Northern railway is New Delhi and Southern railway is Chennai.
Q15. What are National Highways? Explain any four uses of National Highways in India.
Answer:- The main roads which are constructed and maintained by the central government are known as the National Highways.
The main uses of National Highways are given below:
1 These roads are meant for inter-state and strategic defence movements.
2 The National Highways constitute only 1.67% of the total road length but carry 40% of the road traffic.
3 National Highways are most important for industrial development. Most of the industries use such a location where National Highways provide good connectivity for the easy movement of goods and commodities from the source region to market areas. Thus, National Highways are important as they give good connectivity of distant areas with ease.
4 These also connect the state capitals, major cities, important ports, railways junctions, etc
Q16. Define the term road density. Explain with examples the two main determinants of road density in India.
Answer:- The density of roads is defined as the length of roads per 100 sq km of surface area. It is a method to compare road network of an area to another area. The two determinants of road density in India are as follows:
Nature of Terrain It directly affects the density of roads. The maximum concentration of roads is in the Northern Plains.
The surface in plains is even and level. The North-Eastern states don’t have good networks of roads due to difficult terrain. Large numbers of rivers due to heavy rainfall makes it necessary to construct a large number to bridges. Construction of roads is easily and comparatively cheaper in plains.
Level of Economic Development Uttar Pradesh has the highest density of roads i.e. 532 27 km in 100 sq km area. The density of over 100 km of road length per 100 sq km of areas is also found in Tamil Nadu. Karnataka Plateau and Maharashtra have also a high density of 50 to 100 sq km of road length per 100 sq km of area. This is because of the high concentration of industries and urbanisation in these areas Building material is locally available.
The high density of roads is also found in Punjab and Haryana of Northern plain. This is due to advanced agriculture, industry and urbanisation in these areas. Building material is obtained from the Himalayan region. Large parts of Deccan plateau have a moderate density of roads.
India People and Economy
- Lesson. 1 Population: Distribution, Density, Growth and Composition
- Lesson. 2 Migration: Types, Causes and Consequences
- Lesson. 3 Human Development
- Lesson. 4 Human Settlements
- Lesson. 5 Land Resources and Agriculture
- Lesson. 6 Water Resources
- Lesson. 7 Mineral and Energy Resources
- Lesson. 8 Manufacturing Industries
- Lesson. 9 Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context
- Lesson 10 Transport And Communication
- Lesson 11 International Trade
- Lesson 12 Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems