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NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography Part B Chapter 3 Human Development
Q1. Choose the right answers of the followings from the given options:
(i) Which one of the following is India’s rank in terms of Human Development Index among the countries of the world in 2011?
(a) 126
(b) 134
(c) 128
(d) 129
Answer:- (b) 134
(ii) Which one of the following states of India has the highest rank in the Human Development Index?
(a). Jamil Nadu
(b) Punjab
(c) Kerala
(d) Haryana
Answer:- (c) Kerala
(iii) Which one of the following states of India has the lowest female literacy?
(a) Jammu and Kashmir
(b) Arunachal Pradesh
(c) Jharkhand
(d) Bihar
Answer:- (d) Bihar
(iv) Which one of the following states of India has the lowest female child sex ratio 0-6 years?
(a) Gujarat
(b) Haryana
(c) Punjab
(d) Himachal Pradesh
Answer:- (b) Haryana
(v) Which one of the following Union Territories of India has the highest literacy rate?
(a) Lakshadweep
(b) Chandigarh
(c) Daman and Diu
(d) Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Answer:- (a) Lakshadweep
Answer the following questions in about 30 words:
(a) Define Human Development.
Answer:- “Human development is the process of enlarging the range of people’s choices and opportunities. This includes opportunities related to education, health care, income etc. which enable economic, social and political freedom of individuals.”
(b) Give two reasons for low levels of Human Development in most of the Northern States of India.
Answer:- The reasons for low levels of Human Development in most of the Northern States of India are:
These states are less developed as most the states are dependent on agriculture.
These states have some severe problems like poverty, unemployment and illiteracy.
(c) Give two reasons for declining child sex ratio in India.
Answer:- Two reasons for declining child sex ratio in India are :-
Patriarchal mindset of society makes people prefer male children over female as males are seen as natural heir and support for old age.
Practice of female feticides, sex selective birth practices are prevalent in many regions still.
Q3 Answer the following questions in about 150 words.
(i) Discuss the spatial patterns of female literacy in India in 2011 and bring out the reasons responsible for it.
Answer:- Overall literacy in India is approximately 65.4 per cent (2001) while female literacy is only 54.16 per cent. Total literacy as well as female literacy is higher than the national average in most of the states from south India. There are wide regional disparities in literacy rate across the states of India. There is a state like Bihar which has very low (47.53 per cent) literacy and there are states like Kerala and Mizoram which have literacy rates of 90.92 and 88.49 per cent respectively.
Kerala is able to record the highest value in the HDI largely due to its impressive performance in achieving near hundred per cent literacy (90.92 per cent) in 2001. In a different scenario the states like Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Assam and Uttar Pradesh have very low literacy. For example, total literacy rate for Bihar was as low as 60.32 per cent during the same year. States showing higher total literacy rates have less gaps between the male and female literacy rates. For Kerala, it is 6.34 per cent, while it is 26.75 per cent in Bihar and 25.95 per cent in Madhya Pradesh.
Apart from the spatial variations, percentage of literates in the rural areas and among the marginalized sections of our society such as females, scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, agricultural labourers, etc. is very low. It is worth mentioning here that though, there has been improvement in the percentage of literates among the marginalized section yet the gap between the richer and the marginalized sections of the population has increased over the years.
(ii) Which factors have caused spatial variations in the levels of Human Development among the states in India?
Answer:- The factors that have caused spatial variations in the levels of Human Development among the states in India are socio-political, economic and historical :
Socio-Political Reasons:
- The difference in literacy rates like kerala achieved near 100 percent literacy.States like Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Assam and Uttar Pradesh very low literacy show very low value of HDI.
- The literacy rates in North Indian states are lower as compared to South Indian states.
- Government will and initiatives like MNREGA, Skill India , Mahila-E haats etc enhance the well being of people. Eg. West Bengal has introduced many successful initiatives to improve women’s empowerment.
Economic Reasons: - Levels of economic development play significant impacts on HDI. Economically
developed states like Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Punjab and Haryana have higher
value of HDI as compared to states like Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, etc. - This directly affects the level of economic opportunities available and sophistication of social and industrial infrastructure in the region.
Historical Reasons: - Regional distortions and Social disparities which developed during the colonial period continue to play an important role in the Indian economy, polity and society.
- The Government of India has made concerted efforts to institutionalise the balanced
development with its main focus on social distributive justice through planned development.
Extra Queations of NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Geography Part B Chapter 3 Human Development
Q1. What is the concept of development?
Answer:- Development means a qualitative change which is always value positive.
Q2. ‘Increasing freedom is also one of the most effective ways of bringing about development’, who put this idea of development?
Answer:- Nobel laureate Prof. Amartya Sen.
Q3. Explain the abbreviation P.P.P. and what does it really mean.
Answer:- Purchasing Power Parity/ Access to resources.
Q4. In actual what does the human development index measures.
Answer:- ATTAINMENTS in human development.
Q5. What is common achievement in the countries with higher human development?
Answer:- A lot of investment in the social sector.
Q6. Assess the Global position of India in respect of Human Development.
Answer:- HDI of India. As compared to the pre-independence days India has done well in development in general but it ranks 136th among 172 countries in terms of the UNDP’s Human Development Index (HDI) and is placed in the group of countries with ‘Medium Human Development.
Q7. What is human development why is it necessary?
Answer:- Human Development is a process of enlarging the range of people’s choices,
increasing their opportunities for education, health care income and empowerment and covering the full range of human choices from a sound physical environment to economic social and political freedom.
Q8. What is HDI? Which state is on the top in HDI list give one reason of it?
Answer:- HDI is the measures the various dimensions of human development.
Kerala is on the top in HDI Reason: – high literacy rate (90.92%)
Q9. What relations do you find among population, environment and development.
Answer:- Population, Environment and development – development in general and human development in particular is a complex concept used in social sciences. It is complex because for ages it was thought that development is a substantive concept and once it is achieved it will address all the socio – cultural and environmental ills of the society. Though development has brought in significant improved in the quality of life in more than one way but increasing regional disparities, social inequalities, displacement of people, abuse of human rights and undermining human values and environmental degradation have also increased.
India People and Economy
- Lesson. 1 Population: Distribution, Density, Growth and Composition
- Lesson. 2 Migration: Types, Causes and Consequences
- Lesson. 3 Human Development
- Lesson. 4 Human Settlements
- Lesson. 5 Land Resources and Agriculture
- Lesson. 6 Water Resources
- Lesson. 7 Mineral and Energy Resources
- Lesson. 8 Manufacturing Industries
- Lesson. 9 Planning and Sustainable Development in Indian Context
- Lesson 10 Transport And Communication
- Lesson 11 International Trade
- Lesson 12 Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems