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CBSE Solutions Class 10 Social Science The Nationalist Movement in Indo-China
Page No. 52
Write in Brief
Q1. Write a note on:
(a) What was meant by the ‘civilising mission’ of the colonisers:
Answer: Like the British in India, the French claimed that they were bringing modem civilisation to the Vietnamese. They were of the opinion that Europe had developed the most advanced civilization. So it became the duty of the Europeans to introduce modem ideas in their colonies.
(i) They introduced modern education.
(ii) Tonkin Free Schools were opened to provide modern education.
(b) Huynh Phu So
Answer: Huynh Phu So was a Buddhist religious scholar. He launched the Hoa Hao movement which drew on religious ideas popular in anti-French uprisings of the nineteenth century, He performed miracles and helped the poor., He criticised useless expenditure and also opposed the sale of child brides, gambling and the use of alcohol and opium. He was exiled to Laos for supporting the nationalists.
Q2. Explain the following:
(a) Only one-third of the students in Vietnam would pass the school-leaving examinations.
Answer:
- Only one-third of the students in Vietnam would pass the school-leaving examinations because the French colonial administration followed a deliberate policy of failing students in their final year examinations so that they could not qualify for better-paid jobs.
- Only the wealthy Vietnamese elite could afford enrollment in these expensive schools, and to add to that, very few would pass the school-leaving examinations.
- Usually, two-thirds of the students failed. In 1925 in a population of 17 million, less than 400 passed the examinations.
(b) The French began building canals and draining lands in the Mekong delta.
Answer: Like other European countries, France too considered colonies necessary to supply natural resources and other essential goods. Thus, the French began building canals and draining lands in the Mekong delta to increase cultivation.
- A vast system of canals and earthworks was built mainly with forced labour.
- As a result of irrigation works, the rice production increased. Rice was exported to the international market.
- The area under rice cultivation went up from 2,74,000 hectares in 1873 to 1.1 million hectares in 1900 and 2.2 million in 1930.
- Vietnam by 1931 became the third largest exporter of the rice in the world and exported two-thirds of its rice production.
(c) The government made the Saigon Native Girls School take back the students it had expelled.
Answer: When the French principal of the Saigon Native Girls School expelled the students protesting another student’s expulsion, there was widespread remonstration. Considering the gravity of the situation, the government decided to control the intensity of the protests by providing an outlet—making the school take back the students.
(d) Rats were most common in the modern, newly built areas of Hanoi.
Answer: The French part of Hanoi has a well-laid-out sewer system became an ideal and protected breeding ground for rats. The sewers also served as a great transport system, allowing the rats to move around the city without any problem. And rats began to enter the well-cared-for homes of the French through the sewage pipes.
Q3. Describe the ideas behind the Tonkin Free School. To what extent is it a typical example of colonial ideas in Vietnam?
Answer: The Tonkin Free School was set up in 1907 to impart a Western-style education to the Vietnamese. Students were taught science, hygiene and French were encouraged to adopt Western styles of dressing along with a short haircut.
This school was a typical example of colonial ideas in Vietnam. It rejected traditional Vietnamese education and lifestyle and promoted western ideals of living. Like typical colonists, the French tried to control the Vietnamese identity, culture and tradition besides controlling their territory. They also tried to change the values, norms and perceptions of the people of Vietnam, to make them believe in the superiority of French civilisation and the inferiority of the Vietnamese.
Q4. What was Phan Chu Trinh’s objective for Vietnam? How were his ideas different from those of Phan Boi Chau?
Answer: Phan Chu Trinh was one of the great Vietnamese nationalists of the early 20th century. His ideas regarding Western culture were different from those of Phan Boi Chau. He sought to end France’s brutal occupation of Vietnam,. He was intensely hostile to monarchy and was opposed to the idea of resisting the French with the help of the court, He was deeply influenced by the democratic ideals of the West. So his desire was to establish a democratic republic.
Phan Chu Trinh did not accept revolutionary ideas of Phan Boi Chau. He did not want a wholesale rejection of western civilisation. He accepted the French revolutionary ideal of liberty but charged the French for not abiding by the ideal, He demanded that the French set up legal and educational institutions, and develop agriculture and industries.
Discuss
Q1. With reference to what you have read in this chapter, discuss the influence of China on Vietnam’s culture and life.
Answer:
- The influence of China on Vietnam’s culture and life was multifarious before the French colonized Vietnam. Different groups lived under the shadow of the powerful Chinese empire.
- Even when the latter gained independence in 1945, the rulers maintained the use of Chinese governance systems and culture. The elites were vastly influenced by Chinese culture and life, as has been elucidated in Phan Boi Chau’s book “The History of the Loss of Vietnam”.
- Chinese mannerism and styles became widely (and in some cases enthusiastically) adopted. China was a cultural epicenter of East Asia, so many Vietnamese people were already excited to try Chinese things. Plus, as the Chinese came in, they brought with them the most advanced architectural and building technologies in that part of the world.
- Chinese language and Confucianism were followed by the upper classes in Vietnam. In 1911, when the Chinese Republic was set up, Vietnamese students followed suit in organizing the Association for the Restoration of Vietnam. Vietnamese men also kept their hair long – a Chinese tradition.
Q2. What was the role of religious groups in the development of anti-colonial feelings in Vietnam?
Answer: Religious groups played a very significant role in the development of anti-colonial feeling in Vietnam. Vietnam’s religious beliefs were a mix of Buddhism, Confucianism and local customs. Christianity looked down upon their reverence for the supernatural. In 1868, the Scholars’ Revolt protested against the tyrannical spread of Christianity, and though the movement was defeated, it inspired others to follow suit. The Hoa Hao movement in 1939 drew upon popular religious ideas of the nineteenth century, and its leader Huynh Phu So was a famous entity. These groups were not in tandem with political parties which tended to look down upon their activities with discomfort. Nevertheless, religious movements were successful in arousing anti-imperialist tendencies in the Vietnamese people.
Q3. Explain the causes of the US involvement in the war in Vietnam. What effect did this involvement have on life within the US itself?
Answer: The US got involved in the war in Vietnam because it was worried about communists gaining
power as National Liberation Front and Ho Chi Minh government in the north made alliance against Ngo Dinh Diem’s regime in the south. US policy-planners also feared that it would start a domino effect means communist governments would be established in other countries in the area. Thus, it decided to intervene decisively, sending in troops and arms.
The effect of the US involvement in the war was felt within the US as well as many saw this war not worthy. When the youth were prepared for the war, the anger spread. Only university graduates were exempt from compulsory service in the army which caused even more anger amongst the minorities and working-class families.
Q4. Write an evaluation of the Vietnamese war against the US from the point of
(a) a porter on the Ho Chi Minh trail.
Answer: The Ho Chi Minh trail proved a major factor in the war between Vietnam and the US. The trail was an immense network of footpaths and roads that used to transport men and materials from the north to the south. As a porter, I felt proud to be deputed on this important lifeline of the army. I, used to carry material for our revolutionary troops to far distances through mountains and valleys on this trail. I usually carried about 25 kilos on my back, or about 70 kilos on my bicycle. The trail was bombed regularly by the US forces in order to disrupt supplies but this did not discourage me and other porters. We rebuilt the damage quickly.
(b) a woman soldier.
Answer: Women played specific role in the anti-imperialist movement in Vietnam. They helped in nursing the wounded, constructing underground rooms and tunnels and even in fighting the enemy. Along the Ho Chi Minh trail young volunteers kept open 2,195 km of strategic roads and guarded 2,500 key points. They built six airstrips, neutralised tens of thousands of bombs, transported tens of thousands of kilograms of cargo, weapon and food and shot down fifteen planes. According to one military historian, there were 1.5 million women in the regular army, the militia, the local forces and professional teams.
Q5. What was the role of women in the anti-imperial struggle in Vietnam? Compare this with the role of women in the nationalist struggle in India.
Answer: Women played a crucial role in the anti-imperial struggle in Vietnam. Women who rebelled against social conventions were idealised and rebel women of the past were likewise celebrated. Trieu Au was a popular figure in nationalist tales. In the 1960s, women were represented as brave soldiers and workers. They assisted in nursing wounded soldiers, constructing underground tunnels and fighting the enemy. Interestingly, between 1965 and 1975, 70-80% of the youth working on the Ho Chi Minh trail were women.
Compared to this very direct and active participation of Vietnamese women in the anti-imperial struggle, India women did not play a very dynamic role in the nationalist struggle of India against Great Britain. They followed Gandhian ideals of boycotting foreign goods and picketing liquor shops, but mainstream politics was controlled by men; although women like Sarojini Naidu, Kamla Nehru and Kasturba Gandhi were keenly involved.
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