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CBSE Solutions Class 10 Social Science The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
Page No. 28
Write in Brief
Q1. Write a Note on:
a) Giuseppe Mazzini
Answer: Giuseppe Mazzini: Giuseppe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary born in Geneva in 1807. He became a member of the secret society of the Carbonari. At the age of 24, he was sent into exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria. He subsequently founded two more underground societies – Young Italy in Marseilles and Young Europe in Berne. The members of Young Europe were like-minded young men from Poland, France, Italy and the German states.
b) Count Camilo de Cavour
Answer: Count Camillo de Cavour: Of the seven states of Italy, only Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely house. When the revolutionary uprisings of 1831 and 1848 failed to unite Italy, the responsibility to establish a unified Italy fell upon this Italian state. King Victor Emmanuel II was its ruler and Cavour was the Chief Minister. Cavour led the movement to unite the separate states of nineteenth-century Italy. He engineered a careful diplomatic alliance with France, which helped Sardinia-Piedmont defeat the Austrian forces in 1859, and thereby free the northern part of Italy from the Austrian Habsburgs.
c) The Greek War of Independence
Answer: An event that mobilised nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe was the Greek war of independence. Greece had been part of the Ottoman Empire since the fifteenth century. The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe sparked off a struggle for independence amongst the Greeks which began in 1821. Nationalists in Greece got support from other Greeks living in exile and also from many West Europeans who had sympathies for ancient Greek culture.
d) The Frankfurt Parliament
Answer: Frankfurt Parliament is the name given to the German National Assembly. It was founded during the Revolution of 1848. It tried to unite Germany in a democratic way. The assembly was attended by 831 elected representatives who drafted a constitution for a new German nation to be headed by a monarchy subject to parliament. But when the crown was offered to Wilhelm IV, king of Prussia, he rejected it and joined other monarchs to oppose the elected assembly. Though the Frankfurt Parliament could not succeed to unite Germany but it had far reaching consequences on Germany.
e) The role of women in nationalist struggles
Answer: The issue of extending political rights to women was a controversial one among the European liberals fighting for nations. Women had formed their own political associations, founded newspapers and taken part in political meetings and demonstrations. Despite this they were denied suffrage rights during the election of the Assembly. When the Frankfurt parliament was convened in the Church of St Paul, women were admitted only as observers to stand in the visitors’ gallery.
Q2. What steps did the French revolutionaries take to create a sense of collective identity among the French people?
Answer: From the very beginning, the French revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices that could create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people. They were:
(i)The ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasised the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.
(ii) A new French flag ,Tricolour flag was chosen to replace the the former royal standard.
(iii) The Estates General was renamed as National Assembly.
(iv) New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated, all in the name of nation.
(v) French was made a common language of the nation.
(vi) Uniform laws for all citizens within its territory were formulated.
Q3. Who were Marianne and Germania? What was the importance of the way in which they were portrayed?
Answer: Female allegories were invented by artists in the nineteenth century to represent the nation. In France, she was christened Marianne, a popular Christian name, which underlined the idea of a people’s nation. Her characteristics were drawn from those of Liberty and the Republic – the red cap, the tricolour, the cockade. Statues of Marianne were erected in public squares to remind the public of the national symbol of unity and to persuade them to identify with it. Marianne images were marked on coins and stamps.
Similarly, Germania became the allegory of the German nation. In visual representations, Germania wears a crown of oak leaves, as the German oak stands for heroism.
Q4. Briefly trace the process of German unification.
Answer: The process of German unification was continued by Prussia after the defeat of the liberal, middle-class Germans at the hands of the aristocrats and the military in 1848. Its chief minister Otto von Bismarck carried out this process with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy. Over seven years, Prussia fought three wars with Austria, Denmark and France. These wars culminated in Prussian victory and German unification. William I, the Prussian king, was proclaimed German Emperor in January 1871, at Versailles.
Q5. What changes did Napoleon introduce to make the administrative system more efficient in the territories ruled by him?
Answer: Napoleon introduced several changes to make the administrative system more efficient in the territories ruled by him. He formulated the Civil Code of 1804, also known as the Napoleonic Code. It did away with privileges based on birth. This law established equality before law, and also secured the right to property. Napoleon shortened administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system, and freed peasants from manorial dues and serfdom. Transport and communications were improved too.
Discuss
Q1. Explain what is meant by the 1848 revolution of the liberals. What were the political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals?
Answer: The 1848 revolution of the liberals refers to the various national movements pioneered by educated middle classes alongside the revolts of the poor, unemployed and starving peasants and workers in Europe. While in countries like France, food shortages and widespread unemployment during 1848 led to popular uprisings, in other parts of Europe (such as Germany, Italy, Poland and the Austro-Hungarian Empire), men and women of the liberal middle classes came together to voice their demands for the creation of nation-states based on parliamentary principles.The political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals were:
- Politically, they demanded constitutionalism with national unification, nation-state with a written constitution and parliamentary administration.
- Socially, They wanted to rid society of its class-based partialities and birth rights. Serfdom and bonded labour had to be abolished.
- Economically they demanded freedom of markets and right to property. Abolition of state imposed restrictions on the movements of goods and capital.
Q2. Choose three examples to show the contribution of culture to the growth of nationalism in Europe.
Answer: Three examples that show the contribution of culture to the growth of nationalism in Europe are:
- Romanticism is a cultural movement in Europe which aimed to develop national unity. By creating a feeling, a shared common history and heritage. It had an emphasis on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings which shape and express the nationalist sentiments. European poets and artists started promoting nationalism to support Greeks in their struggle to create a national identity.
- Folk songs, poetry and dances played a huge role in popularizing the spirit of nationalism in Europe. Recording and collecting different folk cultures for building national consciousness. Common people use to carry messages of nationalism to diverse audiences.
- Language contributed a huge role in developing the feeling of nationalist in Europe. For example, is during the Russian occupation Polish struggled a lot against Russian occupation. The Polish language was removed out of schools and the Russian language was forced everywhere. After defeat in 1831, members of Poland started using languages as a weapon for national resistance. Using languages in masses, used to help spread the messages of unity of nationalism.
Q3. Through a focus on any two countries, explain how nations developed over the nineteenth century.
Answer: The development of the German and Italian nation states in the nineteenth century:
- Unification of Germany with the help of Army: In 1848, an attempt was made to unite different regions of the German Confederation into a nation-state governed by an elected parliament. However, this liberal initiative was repressed by the combined forces of the monarchy and the military, who were supported by the large landowners of Prussia. Thereafter, Prussia took on the leadership of the movement for national unification. Its Chief Minister, Otto von Bismarck with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy in the process.
- Unification of Italy by a princely house: In the middle of the 19th century, Italy was divided into seven states. Of these, only Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely house. The north was under the Austrian-Habsburg Empire, the centre was ruled by the Pope while the southern regions were dominated by the Bourbon kings of France. Also, the Italian language had many regional and
local variations. In the 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini sought to formulate a coherent programme for a unitary Italian republic and also had established a secret society called Young Italy for the fulfillment of his goals.
Q4. How was the history of nationalism in Britain unlike the rest of Europe?
Answer: The evolution of nationalism in Britain was a different case compared to the rest of Europe.
(i) In Britain, the formation of the nation-states was not the result of a sudden revolution. It was the result of a long-drawn-out process. There was no British nation prior to the eighteenth century. The primary identities of the people who inhabited the British Isles were ethnic ones, such as English, Welsh, Scot and Irish.
(ii) All these ethnic groups had their own cultural and political traditions. But as the English nation steadily grew in power, it was able to dominate the other nationalities of the British Isles.
(iii) This resulted in the formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain in which England was the dominant partner. It began to subdue other ethnic groups in a very systematic way.
(iv) The Catholic clans that inhabited the Scottish Highlands suffered terrible repression whenever they attempted to assert their independence. Ireland suffered a similar fate. It was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801.
(v) A new ‘British nation’ was forged through the propagation of a dominant English culture. The symbols of the new Britain such as the British flag, the national anthem and the English language were actively promoted and the older nations survived only as subordinate partners in this union.
Q5. Why did nationalist tensions emerge in the Balkans?
Answer: Nationalist tensions emerged in the Balkans because of the spread of ideas of romantic nationalism as also the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire that had previously ruled over this area. The different Slavic communities in the Balkans began to strive for independent rule. They were jealous of each other and every state wanted more territory, even at the expense of others. Also, the hold of imperial power over the Balkans made the situation worse. Russia, Germany, England, Austro-Hungary all wanted more control over this area. These conflicts ultimately led to the First World War in 1914.
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