We have Provided the NCERT/CBSE Solutions chapter-wise for Class 10 Social Science Chapter 3 Nationalism in India with Answers by expert subject teacher for latest syllabus and examination. Students can take a free NCERT Solutions of Nationalism in India. Each question has right answer Solved by Expert Teacher.
CBSE Solutions Class 10 Social Science Nationalism in India
Page No. 50
Write in brief
Q1. Explain:
a) Why growth of nationalism in the colonies is linked to an anti-colonial movement.
Answer: The sense of being oppressed under colonialism provided a shared bond that tied many different groups together. People began discovering their unity in the process of their struggle with colonialism. The movements of freedom struggle were joined by the masses to free themselves from foreign exploitation. Thus, the growth of nationalism in the colonies is linked to anti-colonial movements.
b) How the First World War helped in the growth of the National Movement in India.
Answer:
- The defense expenditure had increased.
- War loans were taken and more taxes were imposed.
- Custom duties were raised.
- Income tax was introduced.
- The rise in prices led to extreme hardships for the people.
- There was widespread discontentment in the rural area due to forced recruitment of soldiers.
- In 1918-19 and 1920-21 crops failed in many parts of India resulting in acute shortages of food.
- There was influenza epidemic too. According to the Census of 1921, twelve to thirteen million people perished as a result of famines and epidemics. People thought that their hardships and suffering would come to an end after the war but that did not happen. So these factors were responsible for the rise of nationalism in India.
c) Why Indians were outraged by the Rowlatt Act.
Answer: The Rowlatt Act was passed hurriedly through the Imperial Legislative Council despite opposition from Indian members. It gave the government autocratic powers to repress political activities besides allowing it to detain political prisoners without a trial, for two years. The Indian were outraged by this act as it was clearly undemocratic and oppressive, and hurt national sentiments and dignity.
d) Why Gandhiji decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement.
Answer: Gandhiji called off Non-Cooperation Movement because :
- The movement was turning violent in many places.
- Satyagrahis were not properly trained for mass struggles.
Q2. What is meant by the idea of satyagraha?
Answer: The idea of satyagraha emphasised the power of truth and the need to search for truth. It suggested that if the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, then the physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor. Without seeking vengeance or being aggressive, a satyagrahi could win the battle through nonviolence. This could be done by appealing to the conscience of the oppressor. People – including the oppressors – had to be persuaded to see the truth, instead of being forced to accept truth through the use of violence. By this struggle, the truth was bound to triumph ultimately. Mahatma Gandhi believed that this dharma of non-violence could unite all Indians.
Q3. Write a newspaper report on:
a) The Jallianwala Bagh massacre
Answer: The Jallianwala Bagh massacre—facts—on 13 April,1919, General Dyer blocked the exit points from the enclosed ground of Jallianwala Bagh where a large crowd had gathered—some to protest against the British government’s repressive measures, others to attend the annual Baisakhi fair. Dyer’s objective was to “produce a moral effect” and terrorise satyagrahis. Hundreds of innocent people including women and children were killed on this day in the indiscriminate firing by British soldiers. This led to large scale strikes, clashes with police and attacks on government buildings by the enraged Indian people.
(Base your newspaper report on these facts)
b) The Simon Commission
Answer: The reforms introduced by the Government of India Act, 1919 did not come up to the expectations of the people and there was constant demand for constitutional changes. As a consequence of it, a Commission was set up in 1927 to look into the working of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes. The Commission came to be known as the Simon Commission after its chairman John Simon. The Commission was an all British Commission; it did not have a single Indian member. The self¬respect of the Indians was hurt. All the political parties,including the Congress and the Muslim League, decided to boycott it. When the Commission arrived in Indian it was received with black flags, mass demonstrations, hartals and slogans of ‘Go Back Simon.’
Q4. Compare the images of Bharat Mata in this chapter with the image of Germania in Chapter 1.
Answer: There are two images of Bharat Mata one by Abanindranath Tagore and the second by another artist. In the image by Tagore, Bharat Mata is portrayed as an ascetic figure. She has been shown as calm, composed, divine and spiritual. She is shown also as dispensing learning food and clothing. Abanindranath Tagore tried to develop a style of painting that could be seen as truly Indian.
In the second figure, Bharat Mata is shown with a trishul, standing beside a lion and an elephant both symbols of power and authority. This figure is a contrast to the one painted by Abanindranath Tagore. On the other hand, the image of Germania by Philip Veet wears a crown of oak leaves which stands for heroism. Thus, there is one similarity between Bharat Mata and Germania – both have an element of bravery i.e., power, authority, and heroism.
Discuss
Q1. List all the different social groups which joined the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1921. Then choose any three and write about their hopes and struggles to show why they joined the movement
Answer: The different social groups that joined the Non-Cooperation Movement of 1921 were the urban middle class comprising lawyers, students, teachers and headmasters, peasants, tribals and workers.
- The middle class joined the movement because the boycott of foreign goods would make the sale of their textiles and handlooms go up.
- The peasants took part in the movement because they hoped they would be saved from the oppressive landlords, high taxes taken by the colonial government.
- Plantation workers took part in the agitation hoping they would get the right to move freely in and outside the plantations and get land in their own villages.
Q2. Discuss the Salt March to make clear why it was an effective symbol of resistance against colonialism.
Answer: (i) The Salt March conducted by Mahatma Gandhi emerged as an effective symbol of resistance against colonialism because it was done in revolt against salt which was something consumed by the rich and the poor alike, and it was one of the most essential items of food.
(ii) The tax on salt and the government monopoly over its productions revealed the most oppressive move of the British rule.
(iii) The Salt March was effective also because Gandhiji met a large number of common people during his march and he taught them what he meant by swaraj and urged them to peacefully defy the British. On 6 April, he reached Dandi, and ceremonially violated the law, manufacturing salt by boiling sea water.
(iv) This act of Gandhiji set forth an example to the entire nation of how the oppressor could be confronted in a non-violent manner. This marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement in which various social groups participated and made a collective effort to root out the British government in India.
Q3. Imagine you are a woman participating in the Civil Disobedience Movement. Explain what the experience meant to your life.
Answer: A woman participating in the Civil Disobedience Movement—facts—salt manufactured; foreign cloth boycotted; liquor shops picketed; peaceful satyagrahis attacked, including women and children; brutal repression, many women went to jail as well; mostly from high castes and rich families; saw national service as a sacred duty
Q4. Why did political leaders differ sharply over the question of separate electorates?
Answer: The political leaders differed sharply over the question of separate electorates due to the following reasons :
(a) The Congress leaders opposed the policy of the British Government who was trying to instigate different people for demanding separate electorate. They knew that using such a system the British wanted to divide the people to weaken the national movement and prolong their stay in India. So the Congress leaders were one and all in favour of joint electorates.
(b) Dr B. R. Ambedkar, who organised the dalits into the Depressed Classes Association, also demanded for separate electorates because he feared the dominance of upper electorates caste Hindus in the joint elections. But by the Poona Pact, which gave the Depressed Classes reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils, he agreed to have joint electorates with the Hindus.
(c) The Muslim leaders, like Muhammad Iqbal and Muhammad Ali Jinnah demanded for separate electorates to safeguard the political interests of the Muslims. They said that in case of joint electorates, the Muslims would have little chance of winning the seats because the majority of the people were Hindus.
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