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NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science Economics Chapter wise
Page No. 27
Excercise
Q1. What do you understand by ‘people as a resource’?
Answer:People as a resource is a way of referring to the country’s working population in terms of their existing productive skills and abilities.
Q2. How is human resource different from other resources like land and physical capital?
Answer: Human resources are different from other resources like land and physical capital because human beings can use other resources to give out productive output. However, resources like land and physical capital are dependent on human resource for their use and cannot give any productive output all by themselves.
Q3. What is the role of education in human capital formation?
Answer: The most important component of human resource development is education. The following are the roles of education in the formation of human capital.
1) This human capital can be formed through proper education and training. A well-educated population is a valuable resource.
2) Education increases the quantity and quality of individual productivity, which contributes to economic growth.
3) Education fosters personality and a sense of national consciousness among the people, both of which are necessary for rapid economic growth.
4) Education not only contributes to an individual’s development but also to the development of society holistically.
Q4. What is the role of health in human capital formation?
Answer: The health of a person helps him to realise his potential and the ability to fight illness. An unhealthy person becomes a liability for an organisation. Health is an indispensable basis for realising one’s well being. Henceforth, improvement in the health status of the population has been the priority of the country. Our national policy, too, aimed at improving the accessibility of healthcare, family welfare, and nutritional service with a special focus on the underprivileged segment of the population.
Q5. What part does health play in an individual’s working life?
Answer: The health of an individual helps him to realise his potential and also gives him the ability to fight illness. An unhealthy individual is a liability to his place of work. The health of a person is directly related to his efficiency. As compared to an unhealthy individual, a healthy person can work more efficiently and with greater productivity.
Q6. What are the various activities undertaken in the primary sector, secondary sector and tertiary sector?
Answer: The activities undertaken:
(i) Primary Sector Activities – Agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishing, poultry farming and mining activities are the main primary sector activities.
(ii) Secondary Sector Activities – Quarrying and manufacturing are the main activities of secondary sector.
(iii) Tertiary Sector Activities – Trade, transport, communication, banking, education, health, insurance services are the main activities of Tertiary sector activities.
Q7. What is the difference between economic activities and non-economic activities?
Answer: Activities that add value to the national income are called economic activities. These have two parts – market activities (production for pay or profit) and non-market activities (production for self consumption).
Non-economic activities are the ones that do not add to the national income; for example, an individual performing domestic chores.
Q8. Why are women employed in low-paid work?
Answer: The wage distribution among men and women has been a major concern for society. Women are mostly paid less than women men, and one major reason for this is the meagre education qualification of women. They are employed in sectors which do no provide them with proper maternity leaves, child care benefits and other provisions and are also responsible for managing the household work. Hence they are paid less than men. Skill is another reason why wages for women are less than men. Men are considered more skilful in comparison to women, despite equal physical work. Due to these reasons, women are employed in low paid work.
Q9. How will you explain the term unemployment?
Answer: Unemployment is a situaion when a person who is actively looking for work is unable to find work. An individual is considered unemployed if he or she is a member of a country’s labour force and is capable and willing to work for pay but is unable to do so.
Q10. What is the difference between disguised unemployment and seasonal unemployment?
Answer: Disguised UnEmployment Seasonal UnEmployment In case of disguised unemployment people appear to be employed. Seasonal unemployment happens when people are not able to find jobs during some months of the year. They have an agricultural plot where they find work. This usually happens among family members engaged in agricultural activity. People dependent upon agriculture usually face such kind of problem. The work requires the service of five people but engages eight people.
There are certain busy seasons when sowing, harvesting, weeding, threshing is done. Three people are extra. These three people also work in the same plot as five people.The contribution made by the three extra people does not add to the contribution made by the five people.If three people are removed the productivity of the field will not decline.The field requires the service of five people and the three extra people are disguisedly employed. Certain months do not provide much work to the people dependant on agriculture.
Q11. Why is educated unemployment a peculiar problem of India?
Answer: If disguised unemployment characterises rural India, educated unemployment is a peculiar problem of urban India. This is the situation wherein a number of youth with matriculation, graduation and post graduation degrees are not able to find suitable jobs. The education system is such that even after about 18 years of education, a person can well be termed as unskilled. What this does is that a large number of unskilled educated youth get churned out of educational institutions year after year, but only a fraction of them are able to find suitable jobs. Among the remaining, some remain unemployed while others get employed in activities that seem inadequate as per their potential. This in turn leads to the wastage of the huge amounts of resources that had been spent on educating them.
Q12. In which field do you think India can build the maximum employment opportunity?
Answer: India can build the maximum employment opportunity in the field of primary sector by providing modern methods of production as most of the population is engaged in agriculture sector.
Q13. Can you suggest some measures in the education system to mitigate the problem of the educated unemployed?
Answer: Measures in the education system to mitigate the problem of the educated unemployed:
- Make education at the secondary level more career-oriented, which would endow individuals with not only education but also the requisite skills for gaining successful employment.
- Create a sort of screening process whereby each individual chooses subjects that suit his or her abilities.
- The introduction of newer subjects and fields of study at the school level should be accompanied by a growth of job opportunities in the sectors that would employ the students electing to study such subjects.
Q14. Can you imagine some village which initially had no job opportunities but later came up with many?
Answer: Students must answer this question based on their own experience.
Q15. Which capital would you consider the best – land, labour, physical capital and human capital? Why?
Answer: Human capital is the best capital because it can make use of land, labour, and physical capital. The other factors cannot become useful on their own. The knowledge expertise in a human enables him to develop the land, labour, and physical capital to produce an output for his own use or to sell in the market.
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