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NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science Economics Chapter wise
Page No. 40
Excercise
Q1. Describe how the poverty line is estimated in India.
Answer: A person is considered poor if his or her income or consumption level falls below a given “minimum level” necessary to fulfil the basic needs. This minimum level is called the poverty line. In India, the poverty line is estimated by multiplying the prices of physical quantities like food, clothing, footwear, fuel, light, education, etc. in rupees. The numbers involved in determining the poverty line vary for different years. Also, the poverty line for rural areas is different from that of the urban areas because the work, lifestyle and expenses are different for rural and urban areas.
Q2. Do you think that present methodology of poverty estimation is appropriate?
Answer: The methodology of poverty estimation that we are using now, takes only one factor in view and that is the economic factor. It considers about a “minimum” subsistence level of living instead of “reasonable” level of living.
Poverty is no longer confined to economic factors alone. Few persons may have been able to feed themselves but if they are without education, without shelter, without health-care, without job security, without self-confidence, without social equality, they will be considered poor. If poverty is to be removed and the people are to be brought above the poverty line, we need to increase their income also, we have to provide the people with education, shelter, health-care, job-security, respect.
Q3. Describe poverty trends in India since 1973.
Answer: A decline: There has been a substantial decline in the poverty ratios in India from about 55 per cent in 1973 to 36 per cent in 1993. The proportion of people below poverty line further came down to about 26 percent in 2000. Although the percentage of people living in poverty declined from 1973 to 1993, the number of poor remained stable around 320 million for a fairly long period. However, as per the latest estimates, the number of poor has shown a significant decline to about 260 million.
Rural and urban poor: The poverty trends also indicate that the problem of poverty is a much bigger menace in the rural areas than it is in the urban areas. As the greater part of the Indian population resides in the villages, the greater number of the poor also resides in the villages.
Vulnerable groups: Looked at from the point of view of the various social and economic groups in the country, the scheduled tribes, the scheduled castes, the rural agricultural labourers and the urban casual labourers turn out to be the groups most vulnerable to poverty. Though the average for people below poverty line for all groups in India is 26, the averages of these groups are higher than the average Indian poverty ratio.
Poor states: The poverty trends also show that though there has been a decline in poverty in every state from the early seventies, the success rate of reducing poverty has varied from state to state. In 20 states and union territories, the poverty ratio is less than the national average of 26. In others, the poverty ratios are higher than the national average. Among these, Orrisa and Bihar continue to be the two poorest states with poverty ratios of 47 and 43 per cent respectively. On the other hand, states like Kerala, Gujarat, Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir have shown a significant decline in poverty.
Q4. Discuss the major reasons for poverty in India.
Answer: The major reasons for poverty in India are discussed below:
(i) One historical reason is the low level of economic development under the British Colonial administration.
(ii) The policies of the Colonial government ruined traditional handicrafts and discouraged development of Industries like textile.
(iii) With the spread of irrigation and the Green Revolution many job opportunities were created in the agricultural sector. But the effects were limited to some parts of India.
(iv) Another reason of high poverty rate has been the huge income inequalities.
(v) One of the major reasons for this is the unequal distribution of land and other reasources.
Q5. Identify the social and economic groups which are most vulnerable to poverty in India.
Answer: Social Groups Vulnerable to Poverty :
- Scheduled caste households
- Scheduled tribe households
Economic Groups Vulnerable to Poverty : - Rural agricultural labour households
- Urban casual labour households
Q6. Give an account of interstate disparities in poverty in India.
Answer: Poverty in India differs for different states. The success rate of reducing poverty varies from state to state, causing inter-state disparities in poverty level. Orissa, Bihar and Madhya Pradesh are the three poorest states in India with their people living below the poverty line being 47, 42 and 37 per cent, respectively. Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab and Himachal Pradesh are the three better-off states in India as far as poverty is concerned. There are various factors that are responsible for these interstate disparities of poverty in India.
Q7. Describe global poverty trends.
Answer: A specific portion of people in developing countries living on less than $1 per day has decreased from 28% in 1990 to 21% in 2001. There has been a substantial deduction in global poverty since the 1980’s. Due to rapid economic growth and massive investment in human resource development, poverty declined substantially in China and Southeast Asian countries, the reduction in poverty is marked with great regional differences.
In South Asian countries, that is, in India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, there is not rapid reduction. The ratio of poverty in Latin America has remained the same, in sub-Saharan Africa, poverty has increased from 41% in 1981 to 46% in 2001. As per the world development report of 2001, countries such as Nigeria, Bangladesh and India still have a greater percentage of people living under poverty.
Q8. Describe current government strategy of poverty alleviation.
Answer: The current anti-poverty strategy of the government has a two-lined approach − promotion of economic growth and targeted anti-poverty programmes.
Economic growth widens opportunities and provides resources needed to invest in human development. Also, so that the poor can take advantage of this economic growth, the government has formulated several anti-poverty schemes to affect poverty directly or indirectly. Prime Minister Rozgar Yojana, Rural Employment Generation Programme, Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana, Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana, Antyodaya Anna Yojana, National Food for Work Programme, National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, and proposals for establishing National and State Employment Guarantee Funds are some of the anti-poverty schemes of the government.
However, despite the good intentions of these schemes, the benefits have not fully reached the deserving poor. Hence, the major emphasis in recent years has been on proper monitoring of all the poverty alleviation programmes.
Q9. Answer the following questions briefly –
(i) What do you understand by human poverty?
Answer: Human poverty is a concept that goes beyond the limited view of poverty as a lack of income. It refers to the denial of political, social, and economic opportunities to an individual to maintain a “reasonable” standard of living. Illiteracy, lack of job opportunities, lack of access to proper healthcare and sanitation, caste and gender discrimination etc. are all components of human poverty.
(ii) Who are the poorest of the poor?
Answer: The women, children and old people are the poorest of the poor.
(iii) What are the main features of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005?
Answer: ain features of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005:
- The Act assures 100 days employment every year to every household.
- Initially covering 200 districts, the Act would be extended later on to cover 600 districts.
- One-third of the jobs are reserved for women.
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