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CBSE Solutions Class 10 Social Science The Making of Global World
Page No: 76
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Q1. Give two examples of different types of global exchanges which took place before the seventeenth century, choosing one example from Asia and one from the Americas.
Answer: Examples of the different types of global exchanges which took place before the seventeenth century:
1) Textiles, spices and Chinese pottery were exchanged by China, India and Southeast Asia in return for gold and silver from Europe.
2) Gold and foods such as potatoes, soya, groundnuts, tomatoes and chillies were first exported from the Americas to Europe.
Q2. Explain how the global transfer of disease in the pre-modern world helped in the colonisation of the Americas.
Answer: Colonisation of America was decisively under way by the mid-sixteenth century. The most powerful weapon of the Spanish and Portuguese conquerors was not a conventional military at all. But along with this they used germs such as those of smallpox for conquering parts of America. Because of their long isolation, America’s original inhabitants had no immunity against these diseases that came from Europe. The diseases, once introduced, spread very fast. They killed and decimated whole communities, paving the way for conquest.
Q3. Write a note to explain the effects of the following:
(a) The British government’s decision to abolish the Corn Laws.
Answer: The British government’s decision to abolish the Corn Laws lead to the inflow of cheaper agricultural crops from America and Australia. British agriculture was unable to compete with imports.
Many English farmers left their profession and migrated to towns and cities. Some went overseas. This indirectly led to global agriculture and rapid urbanization, a prerequisite of industrial growth. Faster industrial growth in Britain also led to higher incomes, and therefore more foo imports.
In Eastern Europe, Russia, America and Australia-lands were cleared and food production expanded to meet the British demand.(b) Rinderpest was devastating cattle disease which was carried by infected cattle from British Asia to Eastern Africa in 1890s. It spread in Africa like a wild forest fire. The coming of rinderpest to Africa caused a loss of livelihood and the local economy for countless Africans. Using this situation to their advantage, colonizing nations conquered and subdued Africa by monopolizing scarce cattle resources to force Africans into the labour market to work for a wage.
(b) The coming of rinderpest to Africa.
Answer: Rinderpest, a disease of cattle plague, created a devastating impact on people’s livelihoods and the local economy in African countries. 90 per cent of the cattle wealth perished and the loss of cattle destroyed African livelihoods. Planters, mine owners and colonial governments now successfully monopolized what scarce cattle resources remained, to strengthen their power and to force Africans into the labour market. Control over the scarce resource of cattle enabled Europeans to colonise Africa. Most of the killed and maimed in the war were men of working age. These deaths and injuries reduced the able bodied workforce in Europe. With fewer numbers within the family, household incomes declined after the war.
(c) The death of men of working-age in Europe because of the World War.
Answer: The death of men of working age in Europe because of the World War reduced the able-bodied workforce in Europe, leading to a steady decline in household incomes and a consequent struggle to meet the living expenditure by families whose men were handicapped or killed.
(d) The Great Depression on the Indian economy.
Answer: The depression immediately affected Indian trade. India’s exports and imports nearly halved between 1928 and 1934. Between 1928 and 1934, wheat prices in India fell by 50 percent. Across India, peasants’ indebtedness increased. They used up their savings, mortgaged lands, and sold whatever jewellery and precious metals they had to meet their expenses. In these depression years, India became an exporter of precious metals, notably gold.
(e) The decision of MNCs to relocate production to Asian countries.
Answer: Wages were relatively low in Asian countries like China. Thus, they became lucrative destinations for investment by foreign MNCs competing to dominate world markets. The relocation of industry to low-wage countries stimulated world trade and capital flow.
Q4. Give two examples from history to show the impact of technology on food availability.
Answer: (i) Faster railways, lighter wagons and larger ships helped move perishable food-stuff more cheaply and quickly from faraway farms to final markets.
(ii) The technique of cold storage and use of refrigerated ships boosted the export of perishable goods. Now animals were slaughtered for food at the starting point in America, Australia or New Zealand and then exported to Europe where meat was scarce. The poor in Europe could now add meat to their diet.
Q5. What is meant by the Bretton Woods Agreement?
Answer: The main aim of the post-war international economic system was to preserve economic stability and full employment in the industrial world. The United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference held in July 1944 at Bretton Woods in New Hampshire in the USA agreed upon its framework.
Discuss
Q6. Imagine that you are an indentured Indian labourer in the Caribbean. Drawing from the details in this chapter, write a letter to your family describing your life and feelings.
Answer: Respected Family,
I hope all of you are fine there. I have been hired by the colonisers under a contract stating that I could return to India after working for five years at a plantation. However, the contract was a fraud and these are not allowing me to return. I joined this job in the hope to escape poverty and oppression but the condition of living and working is very harsh here. Most of the workers here belong to Bihar, central India and the dry regions of Tamil Nadu. There are few legal rights given to us. However, we have developed new art forms for expression.
Your Loving,
XYZ
Q7. Explain the three types of movements or flows within international economic exchange. Find one example of each type of flow which involved India and Indians, and write a short account of it.
Answer: The three types of movements or flows within the international economic exchange are trade flows, human capital flows and capital flows or investments. These can be explained as—the trade in agricultural products, migration of labour, and financial loans to and from other nations.
Flow of trade – India was a hub of trade in the pre-modern world, and it exported textiles and spices in return for gold and silver from Europe. After colonization, the flow of Indian textiles i.e. fine Indian cotton to Britain declined and the local market shrank.
Flow of labour – In the field of labour, indentured labour was provided for mines, plantations and factories abroad, in huge numbers, in the nineteenth century. This was an instrument of colonial domination by the British. These labours migrated in hope of better future but were exploited to a greater extent. All over the world, some 150million are estimated to have left their homes, crossed oceans and vast distances over land in search of a better future.
Flow of Capital -Lastly, Britain took generous loans from the USA to finance the World War. Capital flowed from financial centres such as London. Since India was an English colony, the impact of these loan debts was felt in India too. The British government increased taxes, interest rates, and lowered the prices of products it bought from the colony. Indirectly, but strongly, this affected the Indian economy and people.
Q8. Explain the causes of the Great Depression.
Answer: The Great Depression was a result of many different factors. The post-war global economy was weak. Also, agricultural over-production proved to be a nuisance, which was made worse by falling food grain prices. To counter this, farmers began to increase production and bring even more produce to the markets to maintain their annual incomes.
This led to such a glut of food grains that prices plummeted further and farm produce was left to rot. Most countries took loans from the US, but American overseas lenders were wary about the same. When they decreased the amount of loans, the countries economically dependent on US loans faced an acute crisis. In Europe, this led to the failure of major banks and currencies such as the British pound sterling. In a bid to protect the American economy, USA doubled import duties. This worsened the world trade scenario. All these factors contributed to the Great Depression. It affected USA the worst on account of its being a global loan provider and the biggest industrial nation.
Q9. Explain what is referred to as the G-77 countries. In what ways can G-77 be seen as a reaction to the activities of the Bretton Woods twins?
Answer: After the Second World War, many parts of the world were still under European colonial rule, and it took over two decades for the colonies in Asia and Africa to become free independent nations. When they became free, they faced many other problems such as poverty, lack of resources, etc. Economies and societies were handicapped for being under colonial rule for long periods.
As colonies, many of the less developed regions of the world had been part of Western empires. The policy of the Bretton Woods twins tilted more in favour of the developed nations of the Western world. Now, ironically, as newly independent countries facing urgent pressures to lift their populations out of poverty, they came under the guidance of international agencies dominated by the former colonial powers.
Therefore these colonies organised themselves as a group – the Group of 77 (or G-77) – to demand a new international economic order (NIEO). By the NIEO they meant a system that would give them real control over their natural resources, more development assistance, fairer prices for raw materials, and better access for their manufactured goods in developed countries’ markets.
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