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NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science Economics Chapter wise
Page No. 53
Excercise
Q1. How is food security ensured in India?
Answer: Food security is ensured in a country when the three dimensions of food security are taken care of. The three dimensions are:
Availabilityof food – Presence of enough food for all the persons
Accessibilityof food – Absence of barrier on access to food
Affordabilityof food – Capability of all persons to buy food of acceptable quality
Q2. Which are the people more prone to food insecurity?
Answer: The people living below the poverty line might be food insecure all the time while better-off people might also turn food insecure due to calamity or disaster. The social composition, along with the inability to buy food, also plays a role in food insecurity. The SCs, STs and some sections of the OBCs (lower castes among them) who have either poor land-based or very low land productivity are prone to food insecurity. Other than these sections, people hit by a natural disaster are also likely to be food insecure.
Q3. Which states are more food insecure in India?
Answer: There are many economically backward states with high poverty and more food insecurity in India. The states like Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh (eastern and south-eastern parts), Orissa, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, some parts of Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Maharashtra have the highest number of food-insecure people in India.
Q4. Do you believe that Green Revolution has made India self-sufficient in food grains? How?
Answer: Green Revolution has made India self-sufficient in food grains. The country has avoided famines even during adverse weather conditions since the advent of the Green Revolution in the early 1970s. A variety of crops being grown all over the country is an outcome of the Green Revolution.
Q5. A section of people in India are still without food. Explain.
Answer: A section of people like SCs, STs, OBCs, people affected by natural disasters, women (pregnant and nursing mothers) and children under the age of 5 years in India are still without food.
The food insecure people are disproportionately large in some regions of the country, such as economically backward states with high incidence of poverty, tribal and remote areas, regions more prone to natural disasters etc.
The main reason for this unfortunate is that many poor families do not even have enough money or income to buy food in other words, there is availability of food and accessibility to food, but poor families do not have affordability to food.
Q6. What happens to the supply of food when there is a disaster or a calamity?
Answer: When there is a disaster or a calamity, the production of food grains decreases in the affected area. This in turn creates a shortage of food in the area. Due to the food shortage, the prices go up. The raised prices of food materials affect the capacity of many people to buy the same. When the calamity occurs in a very wide spread area or is stretched over a long period of time, it may cause a situation of starvation. A massive starvation can take the form of famine.
Q7. Differentiate between seasonal hunger and chronic hunger.
Answer: Seasonal hunger is related to cycles of food growing and harvesting. This is prevalent in rural areas because of the seasonal nature of agricultural activities, and in urban areas because of the casual labour (e.g., there is less work for casual construction labour during the rainy season). This type of hunger exists when a person is unable to get work for the entire year.
Chronic hunger is a consequence of diets persistently inadequate in terms of quantity and/or quality. Poor people suffer from chronic hunger because of their very low income and in turn, inability to buy food even for survival.
Q8. What has our government done to provide food security to the poor? Discuss any two schemes launched by the government?
Answer: The government has launched various schemes for the welfare of the people and to provide food security to the poor. Two such schemes are Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) and Annapurna Scheme (APS).
Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) – Launched in the year 2000, under this scheme one crore of the poorest among the below poverty line families covered under the targeted public distribution system were identified, and 25 kg of food grains were provided to each eligible family at a highly subsidised rate of Rs.2 per kg wheat and Rs.3 per kg of rice. The scheme was further expanded in the year 2003, and close to 50 lakh below poverty line families were provided with the food grains.
Annapurna Scheme (APS) – Launched in the year 2000, the scheme aims to provide food to the senior citizens who have remained uncovered under the National Old Age Pension Scheme. The eligibility for an applicant is that she or he should be 65 years or above in age.
Q9. Why is a buffer stock created by the government?
Answer: A buffer stock, is a reserve of food grains that are created by the government to distribute the food grains in the food-deficit areas and among the poorer section of society at a price that is very lower than the market price. A buffer stock helps resolve the problem of shortage of food during periods of calamity or adverse weather conditions.
Q10. Write notes on:
(a) Minimum support price
Answer: Minimum Support Price. This is the pre-announced price at which the government purchases food grains particularly, wheat and rice, from the farmers to create a buffer stock. This price is announced by the government every year before the sowing season as an incentive to the farmers to raise the production of the desired crop. The rising MSPs have raised the maintenance cost of procuring food grains by the government as well as induced farmers to divert land from the production of coarse grains to the production of these crops.
(b) Buffer stock
Answer: Buffer Stock: It is the stock of foodgrains namely wheat and rice produced by the government through Food Corporation of India.
(c) Issue price
Answer: The food grains procured and stored by the government are distributed in food-deficit areas and among the poorer strata of society at a price lower than the market price. This price is known as issue price.
(d) Fair-price shops
Answer: Fair Price Shops – The foodgrains procured by the government through FCI is distributed to the poor section of the society through ration shops. The Ration Shops are called Fair Price Shops because food grains are supplied to the poor through these shops at much reasonable and a fair price than the market price which is often high. Any family with a ration card can purchase stipulated amount of food grains, sugar, kerosene etc. every month from the nearby fair price shop.
Q11. What are the problems of the functioning of the ration shops?
Answer: Ration shops, also known as Fair Price Shops, keep stock of foodgrains, sugar, and kerosene for cooking. These items are sold to people at a price lower than the market price. However, there are problems of functioning of the ration shops:
- The quality of food provided to poor people is less than the expected quality of foodgrains.
- The ration shop deals indulge in malpractices and do not provide the poor people with the entire quantity they deserve.
- Some ration shops are not opened regularly, and this causes discomfort to the poor.
- The ration shopkeepers even update wrong entries in the name of the poor people.
Q12. Write a note on the role of cooperatives in providing food and related items.
Answer: The cooperatives play an important role, particularly in the southern and western parts of the country, as far as food security is concerned in India. The cooperative societies have set up shops to sell goods to poor people at reasonable prices. For example, in most of the fair price shops operating in Tamil Nadu, 94% are being run by cooperatives. In Delhi, Mother Dairy provides milk and vegetables to the people at an affordable rate, the rates are already decided by Delhi Government. This has brought the White Revolution to the country. There are many cooperatives and NGOs which are working intensively in this direction.
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