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Class 12th Political Science NCERT Solutions Part B Politics in India Since Independence
Q1. Which of these statements are incorrect The Chipko Movement
(a) was an environmental movement to prevent cutting down of trees.
(b) raised questions of ecological and economic exploitation.
(c) was a movement against alcoholism started by the women
(d) demanded that local communities should have control over their natural resources
Answer:- (c) was a movement against alcoholism started by the women.
Q2. Some of these statements below are incorrect. Identify the incorrect statements and rewrite those with necessary corrections:
(a) Social movements are hampering the functioning of India’s movements.
(b) The main strength of social movements lies in their mass base across social sections.
(c) Social movements in India emerged because there were many issues that political parties did not address.
Answer:-
(a) Incorrect. Social movements are an important part for the functioning of India’s democracy.
(b) Correct.
(c) Incorrect. Social movement rose from the social problems which were not being solved by democratic political parties.
Q3. Identify the reasons which led to the Chipko movements in U.P in early 1970s. What was the impact of this movement ?
Answer:- The main reasons for the rise of Chipko movement were :
(a) The Chipko Movement was launched in Uttarakhand mainly against the forest department’s decision to stop the local people from getting the firewood from local forests.
(b) But the same department allotted the respective area to the sports manufacturers.
(c) This exclusively gave attention to the economic exploitative programmes and massive ecological degradation happening in the region.
(d) The people hugged the trees in order to prevent the deforestation of the region
This movement resulted in the stoppage of the event and also gave momentum to the rising issues of tribals and local people. These issues mainly included economic exploitation, ecological conservation, state intervention etc.
Q4. The Bharatiya KIsan Union is a leading organization highlighting the plight of farmers. What were the issues addressed by it in the nineties and to what extent were they successful?
Answer:- The main issues are:
(a) The Bharatiya Kisan Union mainly revolves around the issues of farmers pertaining to areas of Haryana and Punjab.
(b) In 1980s BKU launched a movement against the political institution for being discriminatory and exploitatory.
(c) The major demands presented by the BKU was to increase the floor prices of major crops like wheat etc , to decrease the electricity bills , waiving of loans etc.
BKU was quite successful in its programme as :
(a) we can see due to the successful withdrawal of all these policies including the high electricity bill and farmer-centered policies.
(b) The emergence of similar organisations like Saithkari Sangathan in Maharashtra was also due to BKU.
Q5. The anti-arrack movement in Andhra Pradesh drew the attention of the country to some serious issues. What were these issues?
Answer:- The anti-arrack movement of Andhra Pradesh, led by women was majorly against the rise of alcoholism among the male section of the society. It drew the attention of the society towards the major household problems pertaining to women due to the lack of economic and recreational capital.
Q6. Would you consider the anti-arrack movement as a women’s movement? Why?
Answer:- Yes , the Anti Arrack movement can be considered as the women’s movement because:
(a) It highlighted the women’s issues pertaining to private life due to the rise of intoxicant consumption among the men of the societal paradigm.
(b) It brought the attention to its ultimate effects upon the personal and the household life of the women as the wastage of money done by men on these pleasures often result in ‘private and household crisis’.
Q7. Why did the Narmada Bachao Aandolan oppose the dam projects in the Naramada valley?
Answer:- The Narmada Bachao Andolan opposed the dam projects in narmada valley because:
(a) The application and implementation of same would have resulted in large scale ecological degradation and also the displacement of people .
(b) The construction of dams were mainly aimed at the rapid economic development without taking the eviction of native people and the environmental conservation into consideration.
(c) They opposed this project as it would have resulted in large scale displacement of people.
(d) This project was opposed because it did not follow the parameters of ‘sustainable development’.
Q8. Do movements and protests in a country strengthen democracy? Justify your answer with examples.
Answer:- The rise of the social movements have often resulted in the strengthening of democracy as it gives platform for the underprivileged sections of the society to voice their opinions.
It can be clearly assessed by the detailed analysis of women’s movements as
(a) The rise of the women’s movements in the 90’s gave large number of social capital to women issues pertaining to representation and political participation .
(b) These movements ultimately led to the passing of dowry prohibition bill and also one-third reservation for women in Panchayats.
Q9. What issues did the Dalit Panthers address?
Answer:- Dalits Panthers was a militant organisation which mainly worked towards :
(a) Eradication of caste based inequalities in society of india .
(b) They also wanted to drive the attention of government agencies towards the atrocities being committed to the people belonging to the underprivileged sections of the society.
(c) They wanted the system of equality to be exercised in societal paradigms.
Q10. Read the passage and answer questions below:
…., nearly all ‘new social movements’ have emerged as corrective to new maladies – environmental degradation, violation of the status of women, destruction of tribal cultures and the undermining of human rights – none of which are in and by themselves transformative of the social order.
They are in that way quite different from revolutionar}1- ideologies of the past. But their weakness lies in their
being so heavily fragmented
…a large part of the space occupied by the new social movements seem to be suffering from … various characteristics which have prevented them from being relevant to the truly oppressed and the poor in the form of a solid unified movement of the people. They are too fragmented, reactive, ad hocish, providing no comprehensive framework of basic social change. Their being anti-this or that (anti-West, anti-capitalist, anti-development, etc.) does not make them any more coherent, any more relevant to oppressed and peripheralized communities.
-Rajni Kothari
(a) What is the difference between new social movements and revolutionary ideologies?
(b) What according to the author are the limitations of social movements?
(c) If social movements address specific issues, would you say that they are ‘fragmented’ or that they are more focused? Give reasons for you answer by giving examples.
Answer: (a) The difference is that like revolutionary ideologies none of new social movements are in and by themselves transformative of the social order but they emerged as corrective of new malodies.
(b) According to author these movements are not any more coherent, relevant to oppressed and peripheralised communities. To some extent these are effected by party politics.
(c) If social movements address specific issues, we would say that these are fragmented which provide no comprehensive framework of social change i.e., Anti-arrack movement, Dalit Panthers etc.
Extra Questions of Class 12 Political Science Chapter 7 Rise of Popular Movements
Q1. What was main objective of ‘Dalit Panthers’?
Answer:- Dalit Panthers aimed at the destroy of caste system and to build on organisation of all oppressed sections like landless poor peasants and urban industrial workers alongwith Dalits.
Q2. What is meant by non-party movement?
Answer:- Non-party movements are started by voluntary organisations or group of people (Students/Workers) who did not get support of political parties and not contest elections also.
Q3. What are popular movements?
Answer:- Popular movements are the movements organised by dalits and farmers under the banner of various social organisations to voice their demands.
Q4. What does the term ‘Dalit Panthers’ mean?
Answer:- Dalit Panthers denotes to a militant organisation of Dalit Youth to be formed in 1972 in Maharashtra.
Q5. In the poem what does the term “Pilgrims of darkness” signify? To whom the poet has referred as the liberator?
Answer:- It signifies Dalit Communities who had experienced brutal caste injustices. The poet refers to Dr. Ambedkar as their liberator as well as ‘Sun flower giving Fakir’.
Q6. Who wrote the poem on Dalit? What does the poem signify?
Answer:- The Marathi poet Namdeo Dhsal wrote poem on Dalit during the decade of seventies which expresses the anguish that the Dalit masses continued to face even after twenty years of Independence.
Q7. WTiy did the cash crop market face on crisis?
Answer:- Due to beginning of the process of “Liberalisation of Indian Economy” when agricultural sector came under threat and a debate between industry and agriculture has become one of the prominent issues in India’s model of development.
Q8. Mention any two demands of Bharatiya Kisan Union.
Answer:-
- Higher government floor price for sugarcane and wheat.
- Guaranteed supply of electricity at reasonable rates.
Q9. How does party based movement differ from non-party movement?
Answer:- Party based movements are those movements supported by political parties i.e. Trade Union Movement in Mumbai, Kolkata and Kanpur etc., whereas non-party movements have lost faith in existing democratic institutions and electoral politics to be merged of students and young political activists in mass-mobilisation.
Q10. Which action of the government of India threatened the fish workers’ lives in a major way? Which organisation did they form at national level?
Answer:- The government policies of economic liberalisation opened up India’s waters to large commercial vessels including multinational fishing companies which threatened the local fishworkers who came together on a national level platform in the form of organisation ‘National Fishworkers Forum’ needed by fishworkers from Kerala.
Q11. In what ways social movement raised various issues about the model of economic development of India at the time of independence?
Answer:-
- Chipko movement brought about the issues of ecological depletion.
- The BKU farmers organisation complained a neglect of agricultural sector.
- Dalits led mass struggle against social and material conditions.
- Anti-arrack movement focused on negative fallouts of what was considered development.
Q12. Describe any two issues which made the Anti-Arrack movement a women’s movement.
Answer:-
- Anti-Arrack Movement in Andhra Pradesh was definitely a movement of women. In the Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh, women came together in a spontaneous local initiative to protest against arrack (Local alcohol) and forced the closure of wine shops. The news spread very fast and women of about 5000 villages got inspired and met together in meetings, passed resolutions for the complete prohibition, and sent these resolutions to the District Collector and higher authorities. Due to women’s protests, the arrack auctions in the Nellore district were postponed 17 times. In 1992, women took out a big procession in Hyderabad to protest against the sale of ‘arrack’.
- Women also raised the issue of domestic violence: the Anti-arrack movement became a part of the women’s movement.
Q13. Explain the role of Environ¬mental movements to meet the challenge of environmental degradation.
Answer:- Following are the role of Environmental movements to meet the challenge of environmental degradation-
- Chipko Movement: Chipko Movement literally means ‘Hug the Trees’ Movement. This movement began in two or three villages of Uttarakhand in 1972. There was a dispute between the local villagers and a logging contractor who had been allowed to fell trees in a forest close to the village. The villagers protested against the logging contractor and the government. Chipko Movement is seen not only as a movement to save the environment but also as a feminist movement.
- Narmada Bachao Andolan: Narmada Bachao Aandolan is a movement to save the Narmada river. It was around 1988-89 that issues crystallized under the banner of the NBA. Initially, the movement demanded proper and just rehabilitation of all those who were directly or indirectly affected by the project.
Q14. Assess any two positive aspects of the Chipko Movement.
Answer:- Chipko movement to hug trees was one of the first grassroots environmental movements, which attracted national and international attention. The villagers did not allow the outsiders to exploit the forest recklessly. Natural resources would be rather well-maintained and effectively controlled by the local communities.
Chipko movement was not only a movement to save the environment but it is also seen as a ‘feminist movement’. This movement created a platform to discuss social and economic issues such as alcoholism. It also discussed the issues of landless forest workers and asked for guarantees of the minimum wage.
Q15. .How did the farmers associated with Bharatiya Kisan Union differ from the most other farmers in India?
Answer:- The BKU demanded higher government floor prices for sugarcane and wheat, abolition of restrictions on the inter-state movement of farm produce, guaranteed supply of electricity at reasonable rates, waiving of repayments due on loans to farmers and the provision of a government pension for farmers.
Q16. What was main objective of ‘Dalit Panthers’?
Answer:- Dalit Panthers aimed at the destroy of caste system and to build on organisation of all oppressed sections like landless poor peasants and urban industrial workers alongwith Dalits.
Part B Politics in India Since Independence
- Lesson 1 Challenges of Nation Building
- Lesson 2 Era of One Party Dominance
- Lesson 3 Politics of Planned Development
- Lesson 4 India’s External Relations
- Lesson 5 Challenges to and Restoration of Congress System
- Lesson 6 The Crisis of Democratic Order
- Lesson 7 Rise of Popular Movements
- Lesson 8 Regional Aspirations
- Lesson 9 Recent Developments in Indian Politics