NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Political Science Chapter 9 Recent Developments in Indian Politics

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Class 12th Political Science NCERT Solutions Part B Politics in India Since Independence

Q1. Unscramble a bunch of disarranged press clipping file of Unni-Munni… and arrange the file chronologically.

(a) Mandal Recommendations and Anti Reservation Stir.
(b) Formation of Janata Dal.
(c) The demolition of Babri Masjid.
(d) Assassination of India Gandhi.
(e) The formation of NDA government.
(f) Godhra incident and its fallout.
(g) Formation of UPA government.

Answer:-
(a) Assassination of India Gandhi(1984).
(b) Formation of Janata Dal (1989)
(c) Mandal Recommendations and Anti Reservation Stir (1990)
(d) The demolition of Babri Masjid (1992)
(e) The formation of NDA government (1997)
(g) Formation of UPA government (2004)

Q2. Match the following:

(a) Politics of consensus 1. Shah Bano case
(b) Caste based parties 2. Rise of OBC’s
(c) Personal law and gender justice 3. Coalition government
(d) Growing strength of regional parties 4. Agreement on economic policies

Answer:-
(a)—-> (4)
(b)—-> (2)
(c)—-> (1)
(d)—-> (3).

Q3. State the main issues in Indian politics in the period after 1989. What different configurations of political parties these differences lead to?

Answer:- The main changes or respective challenges that were visible in the political structure of India after 1989 , were majorly concentrated towards the avenues of politics, economy and inherent party structures. The main changes were:
(a) The defeat of Indian National Congress in the general elections of 1989, led to the decline of the one party system in the electoral politics to the ‘multi-party system’.
(b) The introduction of Mandal Commission and affirmative action also affected the relationship between the electoral manifesto and social stratifications.
(c) The rise of Hindutva, and the demolition of Babri Masjid in 1992 , led to the emergence of other ultra-rightist narrative in the country.
(d) The introduction of new economic policies in 1991, laid emphasis upon the ideals of liberalisation, privatisation and globalisation.

These all changes or challenges had a tremendous impact upon the party systems as :
(a) they became more inclined towards the establishment of coalitions.
(b) They began connecting the issues of political realm with the questions of ‘social and political sensitivity’.
(c) They also formed their manifesto on an Anti-Congress sentiment.

Q4. “In the new era of coalition politics, political parties are not aligning or realigning on the basis of ideology.” What arguments would you put forward to support or oppose this statement?

Answer:- Yes, in the new era of politics, the coalitions are primarily not based upon the mere ideologies as :
(a) the diverse parameters favour the vested interests of different participants in the political association between two or more political parties.
(b) The economic and social aims of the both the parties play an imperative role in the formation or establishment of coalition as it helps them to form the collective manifesto upon the rational and needful lines.
(c) The political avenue of the competition and the desire to come into the power is also another factor taken into consideration.
(d) The autonomy and representation to be given to the state governments is quintessential for the formation of coalitions between them and Central Government.

Q5. Trace the emergence of the BJP as a significant force in the post-Emergency politics

Answer:- After the elections of 1989, BJP saw its tremendous rise mainly based upon the political and ideological basis which included:
(a) The demolition of Babri Masjid in 1992, led to the rise of the Hindutva ideology in the ideological spheres of India,which again gave boost to the successful political manifesto of BJP .
(b) This manifesto was based on Hindu Rashtra and revoking of Article 370 and 35A from the state of Jammu and Kashmir.
(c) The successful victory of BJP in general elections was due to the majoritarian support from the country which after that resulted in Gujarat massacre and other major scams by the political party.

Q6. In spite of the decline of Congress dominance the Congress party continues to influence politics in the country. Do you agree? Give reasons.

Answer:- The defeat of Congress Party in 1989 marked an end of Congress dominance over Indian Party System. But Congress continued to influence politics in country:

Congress improved performance and came back to power after mid term elections in 1991.
It also supported United Front government.
In 1996, the left continued to support the non-Congress government but this time Congress supported it as both Congress and Left wanted to keep BJP out of power.
Thus, Congress remained an important party and ruled country more than any other party even during the period since 1989. But it lost the kind of centrality it earlier enjoyed in the party system.

Q7. Many people think that a two-party system is required for successful democracy. Drawing from India’s experience of last twenty years, write an essay on what advantages the present party system in India has.

Answer:- The advantages of multi-party system are:
(a) The multi-party system that is present in the current electoral structure of India, which is suitable for the diversity of opinions and ideologies.
(b) The multi-party system enhances the participation from different sections of the society as it maximises the notion of participation among the stratified notions of caste, creed ,gender, etc.
(c) The multi-party system increases the level playing field between different privileged and underprivileged sections of the society.
(d) It increases the participation of women and Dalits in context of India, which would have been completely nullified or negated in a one party or two party system.

Q8. Read the passage and answer the questions below :

Party politics in India has confronted numerous challenges. Not only has the Congress system destroyed itself, but the fragmentation of the Congress coalition has triggered a new emphasis on self-representation which raises questions about the party system and its capacity to accommodate diverse interests, …. . An important test facing the polity is to evolve a party system or political parties that can effectively articulate and aggregate a variety of interests. — ZOYA HASAN.

(a) Write a short note on what the author calls challenges of the party system in the light of what you have read in this chapter.
(b) Given an example from this chapter of the lack of accomodation and aggregation mentioned in this passage.
(c) Why is it necessary for parties to accommodate and aggregate variety of interests?

Answer:- (a) The main challenges to party system in the context of India are majorly visible through the surfacing of self representation groups as there is a decline in the belief concentrated towards the major political parties because of the rise of bigotry, majoritarianism and fascism.
(b) The lack of accomodation and aggregation within the political parties often lead to the split or the fall of the Government. The split of Congress in 1969 was majorly because of ideological clashes and the fall of Vajpayee’s Government in mid 1999 was because of withdrawal of support by the All India Anna Dravida Munetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) under Jai Lalita.
(c) It is necessary for political parties to accommodate and aggregate a variety of interests in order to increase the participation of different sections of society and to also incorporate the diverse needs of the people.

Extra Questions of Class 12 Political Science Chapter 9 Recent Developments in Indian Politics

Q1. Mention any two incidents of violence against minority community which are a threat to democracy.

Answer:-

Violent anti-Mandal protest
Godhra incident

Q2. What is the difference between a coalition party and coalition in Congress system?

Answer:- Coalition party government refers government of more than two regional and political parties whereas coalition in Congress system refers to encouragement of various factions inside the party with different ideologies.

Q3. Which organisation took up the cause of Bahujans?

Answer:- The Backward and Minority Classes Employees Federation (BAMCEF) took various steps and strong position in favour of political power to Bahujans including SCs, STs, OBCs and minorities.

Q4. What was the status of BSP?

Answer: The Bahujan Samaj Party emerged under the leadership of Kanshi Ram supported by Dalit voters in Punjab, Haryana and U.P. But in 1989 and 1991 elections, it achieved a breakthrough success in U.P.

Q5. When were new economic reforms announced?

Answer:- In 1991.

Q6. Which political party emerged as the single largest party in the 1996 Parliamentary elections?

Answer:- The Bharatiya Janata Party.

Q7. From 1989 until the elections of 2004 which party has been gaining strength in Lok Sabha.

Answer:- From 1989 until the election of 2004 Bharatiya Janata Party has been gaining strength in Lok Sabha.

Q7 (a). From which year did the era • of coalition government at the center begin in India?

Answer:- The era of the coalition government, at the center, began in India in 1989.

Q8. In which year did the Congress Party win 415 seats in the Lok Sabha? Who became the Prime Minister?

Answer:- The Congress Party won 415 seats in 1984 and Sh. Rajeev Gandhi became the Prime Minister.

Q9. Explain the concept of a ‘coalition Government’.

Answer:- A coalition government is formed when many small political parties or groups in a house agree to join hands on a common platform by sinking their broad differences and form a majority in the house.

Q10. Write a short note on United Progressive Alliance Government.

Answer:- In the general elections of 2004, the ruling BJP was stunned by the scale of defeat and Congress was astounded by the edge they got over the rivals. The country’s first-ever Congress-led Coalition called the United Progressive Alliance government was formed under the leadership of Dr. Manmohan Singh. The United Progressive Alliance and its supporting left parties unveiled the Common Minimum Programme, laying down six principles for governance for the government.

“The UPA makes a solemn pledge to the people of our country to provide a government that is corporation free, transparent and accountable at all times to provide an administration that is responsible and responsive at all times,” said the Prime Minister while releasing the document. However, the Prime Minister admitted the differences with the U.P.A, especially with the R.JD over women’s reservation.

Q11. Write a short note on Hung Parliament.

Answer:- Hung Parliament is that parliament when no party gets a clear majority in the Lok Sabha. Since 1989 India is facing the problem of the Hung Parliament. In 1989, elections to the 9th Lok Sabha were held but no political party secured an absolute majority. Hence, no single political party was in a position to form the government. In the 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, and 14th Lok Sabha elections no single political party secured a clear majority and thus coalition government was formed. After the 10th, 11th, and 12th Lok Sabha elections, the government was weak and unstable.

But after the 13the Lok Sabha election coalition government (NDA government) was led by Sh. Atal Behari Vajpayee and it completed full five years. After the 14th Lok Sabha election, a coalition government was formed under the leadership of Dr. Manmohan Singh. After the 15th Lok Sabha elections, again coalition government was formed under the leadership of Dr. Manmohan Singh. According to Prof. Rajni Kothari, “The emergence of Hung parliament and legislature over the past decade is a manifestation of people’s disenchantment with the political parties and parliamentary democracy”.