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CBSE Solutions Class 10 Social Science The Age of Industrialisation
Page No. 102
Write in Brief
Q1. Explain the following:
(a) Women workers in Britain attacked the Spinning Jenny.
Answer: Women workers in Britain attacked the Spinning Jenny because it speeded up the spinning process, and consequently, reduced labour demand. This caused a valid fear of unemployment among women working in the woollen industry. Till date, they had survived on hand spinning, but this was placed in peril by the new machine.
(b) In the seventeenth century merchants from towns in Europe began employing peasants and artisans within the villages.
Answer: World trade expanded at a very fast rate during the 17th and 18th centuries. The acquisition of colonies was also responsible for the increase in demand. The producers in the towns failed to produce the required quantity of cloth. The producers could not expand the production in the towns, because urban crafts and trade guilds were powerful. These were the associations of producers that restricted the entry of new people into the trade. The rulers granted different guilds the monopoly right to produce and the trade-in specific products.
(c) The port of Surat declined by the end of the eighteenth century.
Answer: The port of Surat declined by the end of the eighteenth century on account of the growing power of European companies in trade with India. They secured many concessions from local courts as well as the monopoly rights to trade. This led to a decline of the old ports of Surat and Hoogly from where local merchants had operated. Exports slowed and local banks here went bankrupt.
(d) The East India Company appointed gomasthas to supervise weavers in India.
Answer: The East India Company appointed gomasthas to supervise weavers in India to establish a more direct control over the weavers, free of the existing traders and brokers in the cloth trade. The gomasthas were the paid servants who supervised the weavers, collected supplies and examined the quality of cloth. The gomasthas ensured that all management and control of the cloth industry came under the British. This helped in eliminating competition, controlling costs and ensuring regular supplies of cotton and silk products.
Q2. Write True or False against each statement:
(a) At the end of the nineteenth century, 80 per cent of the total workforce in Europe was employed in the technologically advanced industrial sector.
(b) The international market for fine textiles was dominated by India till the eighteenth century.
(c) The American Civil War resulted in the reduction of cotton exports from India.
Flase
(d) The introduction of the fly shuttle enabled handloom workers to improve their productivity.
Answer:
(a) False
(b) True
(c) Flase
(d) True
Q3. Explain what is meant by proto-industrialisation.
Answer: The parly phase of industrialization in which large-scale production was carried out for the international market not at factories but in decentralised units.
Discuss
Q1. Why did some industrialists in nineteenth-century Europe prefer hand labour over machines?
Answer: i) In Victorian Britain, there was no shortage of human labour. Poor peasants and vagrants settled in cities in search of works.
(ii) Due to the availability of the plenty of cheap labour, industrialists paid very low wages to the workers, and there was no problem of labour shortage or high wage costs. They did not want to introduce machines that got rid of the cheap labour and increased capital investment.
(iii) In many industries, the demand for labour was seasonal. Gas works and breweries were especially busy through the cold months. So they needed more workers to meet their peak demand.
(iv) Bookbinders and printers, catering to Christmas demand, too needed extra hands before December.
(v) In the shipping industry, only during the winter, ships were repaired and spruced up.
(vi) Due to this seasonal fluctuation in industries, industrialist owners usually preferred hand labour over the machine.
(vii) Machines could produce standardised goods for a mass market, but there were a range of goods that could be produced only with hand labour.
(viii) Often, there was demand for goods with intricate designs and specific shapes. In Victorian Britain, the upper classes (the aristocrats and the bourgeoisie) preferred things produced by hand. Such goods symbolized refinement and class.
Q2. How did the East India Company procure regular supplies of cotton and silk textiles from Indian weavers?
Answer: (a) The East India Company establish had direct control over cotton textile industry by eliminating the existing traders and brokers connected with the cloth trade and appointing a paid servant called the ‘gomastha’ for supeNision of weavers, collecting supplies and examining the quality of cloth.
(b) The Company prevented its weavers from dealing with other buyers by giving them advances or loans for purchasing the raw material for their production.
(c) As loans flowed in and the demand for fine textiles expanded, weavers eagerly took the advances and started producing cloth for the Company. Thus, the East India Company eliminated competition, controlled costs and ensured regular supplies of cotton goods.
Q3. Imagine that you have been asked to write an article for an encyclopaedia on Britain and the history of cotton. Write your piece using information from the entire chapter.
Answer:
- The history of cotton revolves around the two most important devices, namely the Spinning Jenny and the Fly Shuttle.
- The Spinning Jenny was invented by James Hargreaves in 1764. This machine speeded up the spinning process and reduced the demand for labour.
- The Fly Shuttle was invented by John Key in 1769. This mechanical device speeded up the weaving process. This increased productivity per worker, accelerated the pace of production and reduced human labour.
Q4. Why did industrial production in India increase during the First World War?
Answer: Industrial production in India increased during the First World War because British mills became busy with tending to war needs. Manchester imports decreased, and Indian mills suddenly had a huge home market to supply. Later, they were also asked to supply war needs such as jute bags, cloth for army uniforms, tents, leather boots, saddles and other items. There was so much demand that new factories had to be set up even when old ones ran on multiple shifts. Industrial production boomed with the employment of new workers and longer working hours.
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